Changes in Childhood

• Childhood- Lawrence Stone

  until the 18th century children were seen as extra workers among w.classes. Among rich families, boys= there to inherit titles and land, girls= married off for family alliances.
• Childhood- Margaret Mead

  "storm and stress" of adolescence is socially constructed, not in every culture (e.g. the Hamar tribe).
• Childhood- Jane Pilcher

  Modern childhood- argued that the main features were separateness from adulthood.
• Childhood- Helicopter parents

  hover over their children's lives, bulldozer parents eliminate any obstacles in their child's way.
• Childhood- legislation

  Children act 2004 gave increased legal rights to children.
• Childhood- pester power

  children will pester their parents into buying things that they would like.
• children- Sue Palmer

  toxic childhood- children are now given more freedom in deciding what they would like to do. However, led to children eating more junk and spending more time and devices thus showing the have more power (negatively).
• Parents- Age patriarchy

  parents still hold the majority of power within the family.
• Parents- domestic abuse

  is still prevalent within families despite the increase in children's rights.
• Parents- Cunningham

  The "home habitat" of children has shrunk due to the increased fear around children's security.
• Parents-Radford

  found 1 in 20 children have been sexually assaulted in the UK while 1 in 14 have been physically assaulted.
• Motherhood- Jane Ribbens McCarthy et al

  argue that women feel responsible for their partners parenting as well as their own. They are not just concerned with whether they are a good mother but also if their partner is a good father.
• Motherhood- Shelley Park

  attacked the idea of "monomaternalism" (the idea that children only have 1 mother) arguing that due to more children living in same sex or reconstituted families they often have more than one mother figure,
• Fatherhood- Anne Gray

  Found that many fathers emphasised the need to spend time with children but some felt pressure due to long work hours and felt they couldn't spend enough time with children.
• Fatherhood-Esther Dermott

  interviewed 25 fathers who wanted to be closer to their children than their fathers were with them.
• Fatherhood- Sevilla

  time budget diaries- on average fathers spend 7x more time with children than their own fathers did 40 years ago- however, this was still only 35 minutes per day for working fathers.
• Fatherhood- Ann Oakley

  In her small scale study- found that only 25% of men can actually be said to be "seriously involved" in domestic work and childcare.
• Grandparenting- RIAS

  5.8 million grandparents currently look after their grandchildren regularly for an average of 10 hours a week.
• Grandparenting- Statham

  Found that 71% of families in which the mothers work or are in education receive some level of childcare from grandparents. 35% rely on grandparents as the main provider of childcare.
• Grandparenting- Ross et al

  Found that grandparents spoke positively about their role within children's lives and were happy to help with childcare. Likewise, children felt they could share problems and concerns with their grandparents.
• Grandparenting- Grandparentsplus

  Found grandparents tend to be more flexible than parents and can fill in the gaps between formal childcare and parental care. They will also look after children when they are sick and cannot go to nursery.
• Grandparenting- Deborah Chambers

  highlights that grandparenting is very gendered with grandmothers playing a larger role than grandfathers, supporting the feminist view of the family.
• Diversity- Social Class- Margot Dixon

  wealthier parents spend more on activities for children.
• Diversity- Gender- Ann Oakley

  Gender role socialisation- boys and girls taught different gender expectations.
• Diversity- Ethnicity- Bhatti

  Asian children are brought up more strictly, family honour is tied to children's success.
• Diversity- Ethnicity- Barn

  black, Pakistani and Bangladeshi children more likely in poverty.