Biology (bioenergetics)

• What are the main components of photosynthesis?

  Carbon dioxide, water, light energy, glucose, oxygen
• What factors affect the rate of photosynthesis?

  Light intensity, temperature, carbon dioxide concentration
• How does increasing carbon dioxide concentration affect photosynthesis?

  It boosts the rate to a certain level
• What limits the rate of photosynthesis beyond a certain carbon dioxide concentration?

  Other factors like light intensity and temperature
• What can limit photosynthesis if chloroplasts are damaged?

  Photosynthesis can be limited
• What are the reasons for limiting photosynthesis?

  • Damaged chloroplasts
  • Lack of minerals
  • Multiple factors or any one factor
• What is aerobic respiration?

  Respiration with oxygen
• What are the products of aerobic respiration?

  Water, carbon dioxide, and energy
• Write the equation for aerobic respiration.

  $C_6H_{12}O_6 +$$6O_2 → 6CO_2 +$$6H_2O +$$60.9 \text{ kJ}$
• What happens during anaerobic respiration in muscles?

  It produces lactic acid and energy
• What is the equation for anaerobic respiration in muscles?

  $Glucose → Lactic Acid +$$Energy$
• What occurs in plant cells during anaerobic respiration?

  It produces ethanol and carbon dioxide
• What is fermentation in yeast?

  Anaerobic respiration in yeast
• How is anaerobic respiration in yeast used commercially?

  In the manufacture of bread and alcoholic drinks
• What happens to the body during exercise?

  Breathing and heart rate increase
• What occurs when muscles lack sufficient oxygen during vigorous exercise?

  Muscles begin to respire anaerobically
• What causes muscle fatigue during exercise?

  Build-up of lactic acid
• What happens after exercise regarding breathing?

  We take deeper or quicker breaths
• What is metabolism?

  The sum of all reactions in an organism
• What controls metabolic reactions?

  Enzymes
• What are the roles of carbohydrates, proteins, and lipids in metabolism?

  • Carbohydrates: Broken down into simple sugars; built into starch and glycogen.
  • Proteins: Broken down into amino acids; built from glucose and nitrate ions.
  • Lipids: Broken down into glycerol and fatty acids; built from glycerol and three fatty acids.
• What happens to excess protein in the body?

  It is broken down and excreted in urine
• What is unique about some reactions in respiration?

  Some reactions require energy