western front

• what pattern were the trenches in ww1?

  zig zag
• how did blood have to be transferred originally?

  end to end using a tube
• why could blood not be stored?

  • clotting
  • risk of rejection (before blood groups discovered)
• what year were blood groups discovered?

  1901
• when was the blood bank at cambrai?

  1917
• how much blood could be stored at the blood bank of cambrai?

  22 units
• what was blood stored in at the blood bank?

  in ammunition boxes with ice and sawdust
• what could be added to blood to allow it to be stored for longer?

  chemicals
• what is an autoclave?

  a way of sterilising equipment using steam reducing infection and the spread of bacteria
• when was an autoclave invented?

  1881
• rubber gloves and gowns were used in the 1890s to decrease the rate of infection in the wounds
• who did the first experiments in human blood transfusion?

  James blundell
• blundell carried out 10 transfusions between 1818 and 1829 and up to half were successful
• blood groups -A,B and O were discovered in 1901 with AB being found the following year in 1902
• who discovered blood groups in 1901?

  Karl landsteiner
• what was the frontline trench the closest to?

  no mans land and the enemy
• where would attacks be made from in the trenches?

  frontline trench
• where would men retreat to if the frontline trench was under attack?

  Support trench
• what was in the support trench?

  extra men and ammunition such as bullets and guns
• how far was the support trench from the frontline trench?

  80m
• what were dugouts used for in the trench system?

  for protective cover when needed and to sleep there
• what trench ran between the other trenches?

  communications trench
• what did soldiers do in the communications trench?

  move up and down to send messages to others
• how far was the reserve trench from the support trench?

  100m
• what did the reserve trench do?

  have reserve troops ready for a counter attack If the frontline trench was captured
• what happened to ensure surgery was aseptic?

  cleaned equipment
• how were wounds cleaned on the western front?

  Antiseptics including saline solution
• when did tunnelling begin at the underground hospital at Arras?

  November 1916
• how long were the tunnels in arras?

  800m
• how many spaces was there for stretchers as beds?

  700
• what were some features of the underground hospital at arras?

  • operating theatre
  • rest stations for stretcher bearers
  • mortuary
  • electricity and piped water
• what was the terrain like on the western front?

  full of holes and craters
• what did the rocky terrain mean for soldiers?

  caused worse injuries for men as they were being shaken about when getting to safety
• when were tanks first used?

  1916
• when was doner to doner blood transfusions removed?

  1915
• how long could blood be stored for?

  4 weeks
• how many men at the blood bank of Cambrai survived?

  11/20
• how did blood transfusions change in WW1?

  stored from 2 days to 4 weeks