cell biology

• What is the main difference between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells?

  Prokaryotic cells lack a nucleus
• What type of DNA do prokaryotic cells have?

  Single loop or plasmids
• What is an example of a prokaryotic cell?

  Bacteria
• What is a characteristic of eukaryotic cells?

  They have a nucleus
• What controls the activities of an animal cell?

  The nucleus
• What is the function of the cytoplasm?

  Site of chemical reactions
• What is the role of the cell membrane?

  Controls movement in and out of the cell
• What process occurs in the mitochondria?

  Aerobic respiration
• What is the function of ribosomes?

  Protein synthesis
• What additional components do plant cells have compared to animal cells?

  Cell wall, chloroplasts, permanent vacuole
• What is the composition of the cell wall in plant cells?

  Made of cellulose
• What is the function of chloroplasts?

  Contain chlorophyll for photosynthesis
• What does the permanent vacuole contain?

  Cell sap for storage and support
• What is the purpose of a light microscope?

  Uses light to magnify
• How does an electron microscope differ from a light microscope?

  Higher magnification and resolution
• What is the formula for magnification?

  Magnification = Image size / Real size
• If the image size is 10 cm and the real size is 2 cm, what is the magnification?

  5
• How are cells adapted for specific functions?

  They have specialized structures
• What is a key feature of a sperm cell?

  Tail for swimming
• What adaptation does a nerve cell have?

  Long and insulated to carry signals
• What is the function of a root hair cell?

  Absorb water and minerals
• Why do muscle cells contain mitochondria?

  For energy production
• What is the purpose of mitosis?

  Produces two identical daughter cells
• What are the steps of mitosis?

  DNA replication, alignment, separation, division
• What is the cell cycle sequence?

  Growth → DNA replication → Mitosis → Division
• What can embryonic stem cells become?

  Any cell type
• What is a limitation of adult stem cells?

  Limited differentiation
• What is diffusion?

  Movement from high to low concentration
• What is osmosis?

  Diffusion of water across a membrane
• What is active transport?

  Movement against the concentration gradient
• What is the first level of cell organization?

  Cell
• What is an example of levels of organization?

  Muscle cells → Muscle tissue → Heart
• What are the steps for microscopy practical?

  • Prepare slide with specimen
  • Start with lowest magnification
  • Increase magnification as needed
  • Draw labelled diagrams
• What are the steps for osmosis practical?

  • Use potato cylinders in sucrose solutions
  • Measure mass change
  • Determine water movement
• What is the size comparison between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells?

  Prokaryotic cells are smaller
• What is the role of enzymes in the cytoplasm?

  Facilitate chemical reactions
• What is the function of the chlorophyll in chloroplasts?

  Absorbs light for photosynthesis
• What is the significance of the permanent vacuole in plant cells?

  Provides storage and support
• Why is it important to start with the lowest magnification in microscopy?

  To locate the specimen easily