China: Rural-Urban Migration

• Between 150-250 million Chinese have moved within China sine 1978 which is the largest migration in history.
• Net losers are China's central provinces whereas coastal areas to the east are major gainers.
• Most migrants moved from rural provinces to urban areas on the coast.
• 1978: On the eve of economic reforms, 20% of China's population lived in cities.
• By 2020: 60% of China's population lived in cities.
• Relocation of millions of rural people gave many Chinese cities a 'site factor' certain to attract FDI: a large and cheap labour force.
• The Chinese government's authorisation of free movement can be viewed with hindsight as a rational economic decision allowing China to benefit from globalisation.
• The 'migrant miracle' that followed underpinned 30 years of rapid economic growth.
• What is the purpose of the HOKOU system in China?

  To control rural-urban migration
• What does the domestic passport in the HOKOU system restrict?

  Where people can move within China
• How has the HOKOU system affected social structure in China?

  It has created a class system
• What is a consequence for farmers under the HOKOU system?

  They cannot achieve economic prosperity
• What does the yearly lottery system for HOKOU passports control?

  The number of migrants moving to urban areas
• What happens to individuals who move to urban areas illegally?

  They are denied urban living benefits
• If a family moves to a city without a HOKOU passport, what educational opportunity do they lose?

  Enrollment in children's education
• What healthcare benefits are denied to illegal urban migrants under the HOKOU system?

  Access to healthcare services
• What are the main criticisms of the HOKOU system in China?

  • Creates a class system
  • Increases inequalities
  • Keeps the poor in poverty
  • Restricts economic mobility