Absolute Zero: The lowest possible temperature of a system, where no heat remains and the particles in the system have no kinetic energy.
Avogadro Constant: The number of particles that make up one mole of any gas.
Boltzmann Constant: A constant relating the average kinetic energy of the particles in a gas, to the gas’ temperature.
Boyle’s Law: The pressure of an ideal gas is inversely proportional to its volume when held at constant temperature.
Brownian Motion: The random motion of particles.
Charles’ Law: The volume of an ideal gas is directly proportional to its absolute temperature when held at constant pressure.
Ideal Gas: A gas that meets the ideal gas assumptions. All the gas laws are based on ideal gases.
Internal Energy: The sum of the randomly distributed kinetic and potential energies of the particles in a given system.
Kelvin Scale: An absolute temperature scale that starts at absolute zero (0K = -273°C).
Molar Gas Constant: A fundamental constant, used in the ideal gas law.
Molar Mass: The mass of one mole of a substance.
Molecular Mass: The mass of one molecule of the substance in question.
Pressure Law: The pressure of an ideal gas is directly proportional to its absolute temperature, when the volume is fixed.
Specific Heat Capacity: The amount of energy required to increase the temperature of 1kg of a substance by 1 Kelvin.
Specific Latent Heat: The amount of energy required to change the state of 1kg of a substance without a change of temperature.
State Changes: During a state change, the potential energy of the system is changing but the kinetic energy is not.
SpecificHeatCapacity is defined by the energy required to raise the temperature of 1kg of a given substance by 1 degree Kelvin.
Energy change = Mass * Specific Heat Capacity * Change in temperature (K or °C)
Objects changing state:
Energy is transferred through the system to break or create bonds between particles in a substance. The required energy is dependent on the mass and the SpecificLatentHeat of the substance. There are two forms of specific latent heat, one is specific latent heat of fusion and the second is the specific latent heat of vaporisation.
Change in energy = Mass * Specific Latent Heat
Specific Latent Heat:
The energy required to change the state of 1kg of a substance without a change in temperature.
Specific latent heat of fusion refers to the transition between what states?
Solids and Liquids
Specific latent heat of vaporisation refers to the transition between what states?
Liquids and Gases
Internal Energy:
The sum of randomly distributed potential and kinetic energies of the particles in a substance.
When the temperature increases, the kinetic energy of particles increase, resulting in the total internal energy increasing.
Temperature is the average kinetic energy of particles in the substance.
Absolute Zero:
The Kelvin scale starts at absolute zero, it represents the kinetic energy of the substance. 0K = -273.15°C
All thermodynamic calculations are in Kelvin, relative to the absolute 0.
Kinetic Theory Assumptions:
Motion of molecules is random
The collisions between particles are elastic
The time of the collision is negligible to the time between collisions
Molecules move in straight lines between collisions
All particles are identical and have same mass/volume ratio
Intermolecular forces are negligible except in collisions
Charles' Law:
At a constant atmospheric pressure, with a constant mass of gas, the volume of an ideal gas is directly proportional to the temperature of the gas. When Volume is plotted against Temperature (Kelvin), the line can drawn back to the x intercept. This would mark the theoretical absolute zero. It is theoretical because all gases condense into liquid before reaching absolute zero.
Energy transfer types:
Conduction
Convection
Radiation
First law of thermodynamics:
The change of internal energy of the object is equal to the total energy due to the work done and heating.
The internal energy is equal to energy gained through heating minus the work done by the system.
ΔU=ΔQ-ΔW
Thermal Equilibrium:
The overall temperature stays constant, there is no heat transfer between two objects.
Finding Absolute Zero:
This can be done by experimenting with temperature, pressure and volume. When the mass of the ideal gas is constant and either pressure or volume is constant, the temperature as the independent variable factors create a type of proportional relationship with the other variable. Drawing back the line results in the value of absolute zero shown.
Initial Temperature/Final Temperature = Initial Pressure/Final Pressure
Boltzmann constant
ΔQ=mcΔT
The energy due to heating is equal to the product of the mass, specific heat capacity and change in temperature of a substance.
Electricity can be linked to Thermodynamics.
P=IV, P=E/t
E=IVt
E=mcΔT
When calculating c, the specific heat capacity, the two equations can be combined.