economic policy

• Alexander II- before a reluctance for industrialisation yet Alexander recognised need to move peasants to industry
• AII- factories evolved, Mikhail Reutern made ministry of finance and continued railway and foreign investment in capital resulting in modernisation
• AII- Ludwig Loop helped develop textile industries and Nobel brothers responsible for growth of modern oil industry
• AII- by 1884 Welshman was largest producer of pig iron in empire
• AII- railway increased from 2200 to 14200
• AII- emancipation freed workers for industry
• AIII- new finance minister 1881 Nikolay Bunge reforms: abolition of salt tax 1881, 1886 poll tax, 1883 peasants land bank, state ownership of railway
• AIII- liberal approach
• AIII- Medele'ev tariff of 1891 gained large exports of grain
• AIII- 1893 economic activity revolved around agricultural production, Witte shows total commitment to industrialisation
• AIII- Witte used foreign loans, raised taxes and interest rates to boost capital for industry and insisted most investment to heavy industry and railways
• AIII- coal production doubled steel increased by 7x, new technoligies
• AIII- Witte criticised for short sighted focus on industry
• N- railway increased 120% every year from 1893-1898
• N- income from industry increased from 42 million roubles in 1893 to 161 million in 1897
• N- 1900 French placed to 4th place in iron
• N- 1903 Witte dismissed and appointed prime minister
• N- 1909-13 industrial output increased by 7% a year and gross national product by 3.5%
• N- by 1913 production lagged behind competitors and Russian coal was 10% of Britain in 1915
• PG- during July days seized land by force and did not solve land problem
• Lenin- decree on land, war communism, grain requisitioning, committees o the village poor
• Lenin- Stalin wanted to increase worker autonomy and economic success, Dec 1917 supreme ceconomi council to nationalise business
• L- abandoned NEP and replaced with state control and centralised planning
• L- set targets which gov over exaggerated
• nothing better for workers in terms of living conditions