SUMMATIVE TEST 3

• Isomerism

  • is the phenomenon in which more than one compounds have the same chemical formula but different chemical structures
• Isomers have the same molecular formula but are rearranged in a different structure with different chemical and physical properties.

  • At least 4 carbons must be present in a molecule to have isomers
  • Methane, ethane, and propane DO NOT have any isomers
• Butane is the first molecule to have isomers. The larger the molecule (the more carbon atoms), the more isomers the molecule will have
• 3 ways to make an isomer:

  1. Make a branch (on a non-terminal carbon)
  2. Move a branch
  3. Move a multiple bond (a double or triple bond)
• Answers

  A) 2 methyl butane

  
• Aim # 4 How can we name & draw substituted hydrocarbons?

  1. Count the longest parent chain of carbon atoms – name that chain
  2. Scan the chain and take note of anything that is not a C or HIndicate the lowest number carbon that has the substitution
  3. Name the substitution (F-fluoro, Cl-chloro, Br- bromo, I-iodo, CH3- methyl, CH2 - ethyl)
  4. Notice that if there are more than one substitutions, you must indicate all of their locations (which # C they’re attached to), and put a numerical prefix in front of the substitution name (“di-” for 2, “tri-” for 3, “tetra-” for 4)
• Answer

  A) Combustion

  
• A

  A) Substitution

  
• A

  A) Addition

  B) Unsaturated to saturated

  
• A

  A) Esterification

  
• a

  A) Saponification

  
• Organic Reactions

  • Are the chemical reactions that are undergone by organic compounds (the chemical compounds containing carbon).

  
• Combustion

  - a reaction in which a material reacts with oxygen gas in the form of light and heat, releasing energy. must have ---O2 as one reactant.

  
• Addition

  -occurs when two or more reactants combine to form a product without the loss of any atoms present in the reactants.

  -common in compounds that have unsaturated C-C bonds, like double (alkene) and triple (alkyne) bonds.

  Ex: HCl + CH2=CH2→ CH3CH2Cl
• >ADDITION<

  1. Halogenation is a reaction that occurs when one or more halogens are added to a substance.
  2. Hydration is a reaction in which water is added to a compound.

  
• 3. Hydrogenation occurs between a hydrogen molecule and an unsaturated compound, like alkene and alkyne.

  4. Polymerization is a reaction of a monomer or monomer's molecules to form polymer chains

  
• Condensation

  • a reaction in which two molecules combine to form a single molecule.

  Ex: Amino acids are important biological molecules that have an amine functional group on one end of the molecule and a carboxylic acid functional group on the other end.

  
• Substitution

  • one atom or a group of atoms is substituted by another atom or a group of atoms to form a new substance.
  • Ex: the conversion of methane to chloromethane is a substitution reaction as hydrogen atoms are replaced by chlorine atoms. CH4 + Cl2 → CH3Cl + HCl
• Saponification

  • describes the reaction of an ester with alkaline hydrolysis.
  • The hydrolysis of an ester with NaOH or KOH to give alcohol and sodium or potassium salt of the acid. the process of making soap.
• Elimination

  • a reaction in which atoms are removed as molecules or compounds. a type of reaction mainly used to transform saturated compounds (organic compounds that contain single carbon-carbon bonds) to unsaturated compounds (compounds which feature double or triple carbon-carbon bonds).
• A

  A) Oxidation

  B) Oxidation

  
• Redox Reaction (Oxidation-Reduction Reaction)

  • a chemical reaction in which the atoms change their oxidation numbers.
  • Some atoms lose electrons and are oxidized – a process known as oxidation.
  • On the other hand, some atoms gain electrons and are reduced – a process known as reduction.
• POLYMERIZATION

  • The chemical reaction by which the monomers are linked together to form polymers is called polymerization.
  • There are several types of polymerization reactions.
  • The basic types are the addition polymerization and the condensation polymerization reactions.
• Polymerization

  • When an unsaturated hydrocarbon called a monomer(one unit), bonds itself in long chains creating a polymer(many units)
• Addition Polymerization

  • Unsaturated monomers join by breaking their double or triple bonds to bond with one another, making long chains Several monomers combine to make the polymer
• Condensation Polymerization: Creation of a polymer plus water as a product
• 1. Addition Polymerization -In addition to polymerization, the entire monomer becomes part of the polymer. They involve molecules with double bonds or triple bonds. Consider the formation of polyethylene, a stable polymer used widely as packaging wrap.
• The polymerization reaction consists of three steps:

  Step 1: Initiation. An initiator molecule is heated to produce free radicals. These free radicals have one unpaired electron each and are therefore very reactive seeking other electrons from other molecules to pair up with. The free radicals react with the ethylene molecule monomer breaking the double bond and forming a new radical.
• STEP 2: Propagation. The radical will react with another ethylene molecule monomer. This is repeated many times over and a long chain is formed.
• Step 3: Termination. The process gets terminated when two long-chained radicals combine to form the polyethylene polymer.
• a

  A) SYMMETRIC MONOMERS

  B) ASYMMETRIC MONOMERS

  
• Polymer Arrangements and Structures

  • Polymers can be arranged several ways. The arrangement of the polymer chains affects their properties such as whether they are stiff or rigid, crystalline or amorphous.

  A) LINEAR POLYMER

  B) BACKBONE

  
• aNSWER

  A) ISOTACTIC

  B) SYNDIOTACTIC

  C) ATACTIC

  
• >PROTEINS

  • natural polymer
  • critical for the functions of the human body
  • MONOMERS: AMINO ACIDS (A. CARBOXYLIC GROUP AND B. AMINE GROUP)
• Answer

  A) Primary

  B) polypeptide

  C) alpha- helix

  D) beta-pleated sheets

  
• When several Tertiary structures come together a quaternary protein structure is formed.

  
• Answer the ff:

  A) Antibodies

  B) Contractile

  C) Enzymes

  D) Hormonal Proteins

  E) Structuralk

  F) Storage

  G) Transport

  
• >Nucleic Acids

  • Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA)
  • Ribonucleic acid (RNA)
  • Monomers: NUCLEOTIDES
  • Polymers: POLYNUCLEOTIDES
• >Lipids

  • class of naturally occurring organic compounds distinguished by their solubility
• Fatty Acids

  • long hydrocarbon chain (12-18 carbons) to a carboxyl group