Abdomen

• What region of the body lies between the diaphragm and the inlet of pelvis?

  Abdomen
• What are the components of the anterior abdominal wall?

  • Skin
  • Superficial fascia
  • Deep fascia
  • Muscles
  • Extraperitoneal fascia
  • Parietal peritoneum
• Which nerves contribute to the cutaneous nerves of the abdomen?

  T7-T12 and L1 nerves
• What are the two layers of superficial fascia in the abdomen?

  • Camper’s fascia
  • Scarpa’s fascia
• What is Camper's fascia?

  Superficial, fatty layer of superficial fascia
• How thick can Camper's fascia be in obese persons?

  3 inches (8 cm)
• What replaces Camper's fascia in the scrotum?

  Dartos muscle
• What is Scarpa's fascia?

  Deep, thin, membranous layer of fascia
• What does Scarpa's fascia form in the body?

  Tubular sheath for penis or clitoris
• What does deep fascia cover?

  Muscles in the abdomen
• What separates muscles from the parietal peritoneum?

  Deep fascia
• What are the fascial linings named on in the abdomen?

  1. Diaphragmatic
  2. Transversalis
  3. Psoas
  4. Quadratus lumborum
  5. Iliaca
• What are the muscles of the anterolateral abdomen?

  1. External oblique
  2. Internal oblique
  3. Transversus abdominis
  4. Rectus abdominis
  5. Pyramidalis
• What is the action of the external oblique muscle?

  Trunk rotator (contralateral)
• What is the action of the internal oblique muscle?

  Trunk rotator (ipsilateral)
• What is the function of the transversus abdominis muscle?

  Increase intra-abdominal pressure
• What is the action of the rectus abdominis muscle?

  Trunk flexor
• What is the function of the pyramidalis muscle?

  Tenses linea alba
• What are the functions of the muscles of the anterolateral abdomen?

  1. Trunk movements: flexion, lateral flexion, rotation
  2. Increase intra-abdominal pressure
  3. Assist in forced expiration
  4. Supports abdominal viscera
• What are the arteries of the anterolateral abdomen?

  1. Superior epigastric artery
  2. Inferior epigastric artery
  3. Deep circumflex iliac artery
  4. Lower two posterior intercostal arteries
  5. 4 lumbar arteries
• How are the superficial veins of the anterolateral abdomen arranged?

  • Network radiating from umbilicus
  • Drained above into axillary vein
  • Drained below into femoral vein
• How does lymphatic drainage occur in the anterolateral abdomen?

  • Above umbilicus: upward to anterior axillary nodes
  • Below umbilicus: downward to superficial inguinal nodes
• What is the inguinal canal?

  Oblique passage through anterior abdominal wall
• How long is the inguinal canal in adults?

  1. 5 inches (4 cm)
• What is a site of potential weakness in the abdomen?

  Inguinal canal (inguinal hernia)
• What is the function of the inguinal canal in males?

  Pass structures to and from the testis
• What is the function of the inguinal canal in females?

  Pass round ligament of uterus
• What are the walls of the inguinal canal?

  1. Anterior: EO aponeurosis and origin of IO
  2. Posterior: Conjoint tendon medially; fascia transversalis laterally
  3. Roof: Arching lower fibers of IO and TA
  4. Floor: Inguinal ligament and lacunar ligament
• What does the posterolateral abdomen consist of?

  1. 5 lumbar vertebrae and IVDs
  2. 12th rib
  3. Upper pelvis
  4. Iliacus
  5. Psoas muscle
  6. Quadratus lumborum muscles
  7. Aponeuroses of transversus abdominis
• What are the muscles of the posterolateral abdomen?

  1. Iliacus
  2. Psoas muscle
  3. Quadratus lumborum
• What is the action of the iliacus muscle?

  Trunk flexor and hip flexor
• What is the action of the psoas muscle?

  Trunk flexor and hip flexor
• What is the action of the quadratus lumborum muscle?

  Trunk lateral flexor and hip hiker
• What is the origin of the iliacus muscle?

  Iliac fossa
• What is the insertion of the iliacus muscle?

  Lesser trochanter of femur
• What is the origin of the psoas muscle?

  Transverse processes, bodies, and IVDs of T12 and L1-5 vertebrae
• What is the insertion of the psoas muscle?

  Lesser trochanter
• What is the origin of the quadratus lumborum muscle?

  Iliolumbar ligament, iliac crests
• What is the insertion of the quadratus lumborum muscle?

  12th rib