Urban Issues and Challenges

• What is urbanisation


  the proportion of the world's population who live in cities
• why is urbanisation increasing


  -natural increase in population ( due to improved medicine and lifestyles there are more births and deaths)

  -migration mainly rural to urban migration ( due to opportunities, entertainment, education in urban areas)
• In most richer countries what % of the population live in cities


  Over 60%
• What % of the UK population live in town and cities


  82%
• What countries are expected to have the largest growth in urban population by 2050

  -India is expected to have an additional 404million people

  -China is expected to have an additional 292million people

  -Nigeria is expected to have an additional 212million people
• Why is there such a low rate of urbanisation in richer countries and instead there is evidence of counter urbanisation (going to rural areas)


  -expensive living

  -able to work from home

  -technological advancements

  -cleaner air so better lifestyles

  -an ageing population

  -environmental concerns
• What is a mega city


  A city with a population over 10 million
• What are the push factors of living in a Megacity


  -farming is hard and poorly paid

  -drought and other hazards cause crops to fail

  -few doctors and hospitals

  -poor harvests lead to malnutrition or famine

  -subsistence farming which means only growing what you need with nothing leftover to sell

  -areas are isolated due to poor roads and transport systems

  -no education or where there is education it is very basic
• What are the pull factors of living in a Megacity


  -more well paid jobs

  -public transport makes it better and easier to travel to work

  -there is a better chance of getting an education

  -higher standard of living is possible

  -better medical facilities
• What is rural urban migration


  the movement of people from the countryside to cities
• Examples of Megacities

  -Tokyo, Japan = 37.9million

  -Cairo,Egypt = 22.2million

  -Delhi,India = 32.9million
• Where are most megacities located


  Most megacities are located in south-east Asia with a few located on the outskirts of North and South America
• What are the three types of megacities


  Slow growing, growing and rapid-growing.
• Describe slow-growing megacities


  -located in South East Asia, Europe, North America

  -population is 70% urban and no squatter settlements (slums/favelas)

  -e.g. Tokyo, Moscow, LA
• Describe growing megacities


  -located in South America and south east Asia

  -40-50% of the population live in urban areas and less than 20% of these live in squatter settlements

  -e.g. Beijing, Rio de Janeiro, Shanghai
• Describe rapid-growing megacities


  -located in south-east Asia and Africa

  -under 50% of the population live in urban areas and more then 20% of these in squatter settlements

  -e.g. Jakarta, Mumbai, Lagos
• What factors lead to urbanisation and megacities


  -natural increase

  Cities tend to have better health care then rural areas so death rates are lower and life expectancy is higher

  -migration

  People migrate because of the pull factors such as better paid jobs and better education

  -location

  Many of the world's megacities are ports which are a good location for trade

  -economic development

  Cities that trade are a good place for businesses and this economic growth creates jobs which attracts people and it is the people who bring the ideas and enterprise on which cities thrive
• Where is Rio de Janeiro


  Rio de Janeiro is situated on the east coast of Brazil. Brazil is surrounded by 10 different countries in the continent of South America. The Atlantic Ocean is to the east of Rio de Janeiro and the city itself is very close to the city of São Paulo. The Brazilian highlands are to the north of Rio de Janeiro and the Amazon river and rainforest is to the north. Rio sits just north of the Tropic of Capricorn and south of the equator which passes through the very north of Brazil.
• Why is Rio growing


  Rio is the second largest city in Brazil

  Rio is growing to become a major industrial, commercial tourist centre

  -it attracts many migrants from Brazil and other countries

  - Rio is appealing for international migrants because

  -South Koreans and China seek new business opportunities

  -Rio's industry attracts skilled workers from USA and UK

  -They speak Portuguese so people from Portugal also live in Rio
• Why is Rio important regionally?

  -The north zone of Rio contains the Tijuca National Park

  -The unemployment rate is declining

  -Rio has grown rapidly in the past 50yrs to become a major centre for industry, administration and tourist activities

  -The city has good infrastructure:

  =over 98% of urban population is served by water by the city's supply system, compared to the national average of 82.7%

  =over 75% of sewage volume produced is treated. In Brazil the average is 39%

  =99.3% of homes have waste disposal, compared to the national average of 87.4%

  -The main service industries in Rio are banking, finance and insurance
• Why is Rio important nationally?


  - Brazil's second most important industrial centre, producing 5% of Brazil's GDP

  - 25% of Brazil's foreign investment occurs in the city of Rio

  -56% of Brazil's GDP is concentrated within a 500km radius around the city

  -The city is the largest producer of oil in Brazil and home to Petrobas (a Brazilian petroleum company). The city also contains the five industrial districts
• Why is Rio important globally?


  -The statue of Christ the Redeemer is one of the seven wonders of the World

  -Rio is a major port exporting coffee, sugar and iron ore

  -As a result of migration Rio has a racially mixed population. Migrants come from afar to reside in Rio. Migrants come from Japan , South Korea and China seeking business opportunities. There are over 1.4 million Japanese living in Brazil making it the 2nd largest Japanese population outside of Japan

  -Rio contains two major airports.

  -Due to its scenery, beaches and famous landmarks it is one of the most visited cities in the Southern Hemisphere

  -Rio hosted matches at the 2014 world cup and hosted the 2016 Olympic Games

  -The main manufacturing industries in Rio are chemicals, pharmaceuticals, clothing, furniture and processed foods
• How many zone can Rio be divided into?


  4 zones:

  North zone

  West zone

  Centro zone

  South Zone
• Describe the North Zone


  -a mostly poor neighbourhood that has roughly 1000 favelas which are run by drug gangs with no police presence within them. Therefore murder is high. The favelas also result in a lot of litter and water pollution

  -Has very little tourist appeal however is home to one of the largest stadium's in South America: Maracanã Stadium

  -has Rio's international airport
• Describe the West zone


  -is the most recently modernised area of Rio with a new middle class neighbourhood, transformed from a lower class area into a wealthy coastal suburb with lots of shopping areas, night life, luxury apartments and tourist facilities (under went gentrification). However the area of Campo Grande is an industrial area with low quality housing

  -was the chosen site for the main Olympic Stadium
• Describe the Centro zone


  -known as the historic core of the city

  -has churches, museums, colonial architecture and contains modern day skyscrapers

  -is the financial centre (has the HQ of huge Brazilian companies)

  -Has Brazil's largest oil and mining company
• Describe the South Zone


  -a richer and prettier part of Rio with dozens of hills, mountains, lagoons and beaches

  -safer then the other zones

  -has day tours and nightlife so tourists are recommended to go here

  -Rio's most exclusive, luxury, famous destination

  -has the largest inequality between rich and poor. Has the largest slum and is called Rochina
• What are the 4 main social challenges in Rio


  -Health care

  -Education

  -Water supply

  -Energy
• How is health care a social challenge in Rio


  In 2013 only 55% of the city had a local family health clinic. Services for pregnant women and the elderly were very poor, especially in the west zone

  Waiting lists can reach 15,000 people and emergency units were shut down due to a lack of money

  In the south of Rio the average life expectancy is 80, in the west zone it is only 45
• What have Rio done to solve health care


  -Authorities have tried to improve health care in the favela of Santa Marta which has a population of 8,000, few roads and is 13km away from the nearest hospital

  - So they had medical staff take a health kit into peoples homes and were able to detect 20 different diseases and treat them. As a result infant mortality has fallen and life expectancy increased
• How is education a social challenge in Rio


  Education is compulsory between the ages of 6-14. In Rio only half of all children continue their education beyond the age of 14

  -Many drop out and some get involved in drug trafficking to make a living and support families

  -Level of school enrolment is low because: a shortage of teachers, low pay for teachers, poor training for teachers shortage of nearby schools and the need to work for the family

  -129,000 students in Rio had classes cancelled at least once between January and October because of outbreaks of violence in the 300 or so public schools in violent areas of the city
• What have Rio done to solve education


  Authorities:

  -encourage local people to volunteer to help in school

  -give school grants to poor families to help me the cost of keeping their child in school

  -opening private university in the Rochina Favela
• How is water supply a social challenge in Rio


  Around 12% of Rio's population do not have access to running water. It's estimated that 37% of water is lost through leaky pipes, fraud and illegal access.

  -One of the biggest issues for the lack of water is the poor water quality is a result of population from sewage and industry. Only half of Rio's wastewater is treated despite the promise to get this to 80% by the Olympic Games

  -A growth in agriculture and hydropower production has complicated the water relations between Sao Paulo and ario who both share the Paraba do Sol river basin
• What have Rio done to solve water supply


  Seven new water treatments plants were built between 1998 and 2004 and over 300km of pipes were laid

  By 2014 95% of the population had a mains water supply
• Why is energy a social challenge in Rio


  The whole cit you Rio suffers from frequent blackouts due to a shortage of electricity. Many people living in the poorer parts of Rio de Janeiro get their electricity by illegally tapping into the main supply which is extremely risky and dangerous

  The majority of arios energy comes from hydroelectric power so when there is a water crisis such as a drought (in 2015 the country was experiencing the worst drought in 40yrs) there is also an energy crisis
• What have Rio done to solve energy


  Electricity supply has been improved by:

  -installing 60km of new power lines

  -building a new nuclear generator

  -developing the new hydroelectric complex which will increase Rio's supply of electricity by 30%

  -The 2016 Olympic Games stimulated a large scale redevelopment and improvement project for Rios built environment
• What are the environmental issues in Rio


  Air pollution

  Water pollution

  Waste pollution
• What are the causes of air pollution in Rio


  -due to heavy traffic and congestion on roads there is a build of exhaust fumes

  - mist from the Atlantic mixes with vehicle exhausted fumes and pollutants from factory chimneys

  -high crime rates mean many people prefer to travel by car

  - the number of cars in Rio has grown by over 40% in the last decade
• What are the effects of air pollution in Rio


  -causes 5000 deaths per yr

  - city is often covered in brown smog

  - wastes time for commuters and businesses which slows down economic growth overtime
• What are the solutions to air pollution in Rio


  - expansion of the metro system under Guanbara to provide an alternative, sustainable form of transport

  - new toll roads into the city centre to reduce congestion

  - making coast roads one-way during rush hours to improve traffic flow