Two-process Model (Explanation)

• The two process model is based on the idea that there are two processes involved in learning a fear response.
• This explanations assumes that behaviour is learned through experience via environmental stimuli.
• Key Assumptions:

  • Behaviour can be conditioned via classical and operant conditioning
  • Classical conditioning explains the development of phobias and operant explains the maintenance of phobias
  • Operant conditioning involves the role of reinforcement in behaviour.
• Strength of the Two-process Model

  The case study of Little Albert offers research supporting the development of phobias for the Behavioural Explanation.

  Little Albert (9 Months) originally showed no anxiety or fear when shown a white rat. As part of the conditioning process the rate was presented to Albert accompanied with a loud, frightening noise. The noise created a fear response in Albert.

  Albert was then shown the white rat again and was terrified. This hence supports the Two-process Model that phobias are learned via classical conditioning.
• Strength of the Two-process Model

  This model has good practical applications as it implies that phobias can be unlearnt via therapies such as systematic desensitisation which work to reverse this process to successfully treat phobias
• Limitation of the Two-process Model

  The evidence supporting this explanation is of poor quality, as it relies on case studies such as 'Little Albert'.

  Case studies may not apply to everyone as research is gathered from a unique individual. (Lacks Population Validity)

  Therefore, cannot say everyone who has had a bad experience develops a phobia.
• Limitation of Two-process Model

  It does not take into account alternative explanations for phobias. Not everyone who has a bad experience develops a phobia and many people who have phobias did not have a bad experience. e.g. fear of death.

  This suggests there may be another explanation for why people develop phobias. For example some people are genetically predisposed to anxiety disorders, including phobias.