the behavioural approach to explaining phobias L3

• Who proposed the two-process model for explaining phobias?

  Orval Hobart Mowrer
• What does the two-process model explain about phobias?

  How phobias are acquired and maintained
• In the first stage of classical conditioning, what is paired with the neutral stimulus?

  Unconditioned stimulus (UCS)
• What is the unconditioned response (UCR) in the context of phobias?

  Fear produced by the unconditioned stimulus
• What does the neutral stimulus (NS) become after classical conditioning?

  Conditioned stimulus (CS)
• What is the conditioned response (CR) in phobias?

  Fear produced by the conditioned stimulus
• Who conducted the experiment with Little Albert?

  Watson and Rayner
• What was paired with the white rat in Watson and Rayner's experiment?

  A loud noise
• What does operant conditioning explain about phobias?

  How phobias are maintained through avoidance
• What happens when fear is reduced by avoiding the phobic stimulus?

  It becomes a negative reinforcer
• What is an example of a phobia mentioned in the study material?

  Fear of spiders
• What does the social learning theory (SLT) suggest about phobias?

  Fears can be acquired by modeling others
• What did Sue et al. (1994) find regarding phobias?


  Some people recall specific events leading to phobias
• What limitation does Di Nardo et al.'s research highlight about phobias?


  Not everyone bitten by dogs develops a phobia
• What does the diathesis-stress model propose about phobias?

  Genetic vulnerability triggers phobias after life events
• According to Seligman, why are some fears easier to condition?


  We are genetically prepared for certain fears
• What did Bandura and Rosenthal (1966) demonstrate in their experiment?


  Fear can be acquired through observation
• What was the model's behavior in Bandura and Rosenthal's experiment?


  The model acted in pain when a buzzer sounded
• How does the two-process model explain the development of phobias?

  It combines classical and operant conditioning processes
• What are the stages of classical conditioning in the context of phobias?


  1. Neutral stimulus (NS) paired with unconditioned stimulus (UCS)
  2. UCS produces unconditioned response (UCR) of fear
  3. NS becomes conditioned stimulus (CS)
  4. CS produces conditioned response (CR) of fear
• What are the strengths and limitations of the two-process model in explaining phobias?

  Strengths:

  • Supported by research (Sue et al.)
  • Explains acquisition and maintenance of phobias

  
  

  Limitations:

  • Not all phobias follow traumatic events
  • Genetic factors play a role (diathesis-stress model)