respiratory

• upper respiratory


  nose

  nasal cavity

  pharynx
• lower respiratory


  larynx

  trachea

  bronchi

  lungs
• conducting zone


  nose

  nasal cavity

  pharynx

  larynx

  trachea

  bronchi

  bronchioles

  terminal bronchioles
• respiratory zone


  respiratory bronchioles

  alveolar ducts

  alveolar sacs

  alveoli
• nose


  specialized organ at the entrance of respiratory system that consist of external and internal portions
• external nose


  tissues in the lungs

  • cartilaginous framework
  • external nares
• cartilaginous framework are consist of?


  alar, lateral nasal cartilage and septal cartilage
• external nares of external nose is consist of?


  nostrils
• internal nose


  tissues in other organ
• internal nose


  nasal cavity

  nasal septum

  nasal conchae

  nasal meatus

  oropharynx
• pharynx


  funnel shaped tube about 13 cm long that start at internal nares and extends to the level of cri

  coid cartilage
• respiratory system functions


  provides gas exchange

  help regulate blood pH

  contains receptors for sense of smell
• pharynx three regions


  nasopharynx

  oropharynx

  laryngopharynx
• cartilage in larynx


  thyroid

  cricoid

  arytenoid

  corniculate

  cuneiform

  epiglottis
• larynx


  a short passageway that connects the laryngopharynx to trachea
• trachea


  a tubular passageway of air that is 12 cm long and 2.5 in diameter. Divides the level of 5th superior border of 5th thoracic vertebra. C-shaped hyaline cartilage rings
• bronchi


  divides into right and left main bronchus
• point in bronchi where tracheas divides into two

  carina
• cells in lungs (pneumocytes)


  alveolar wall- simple squamous epithelium

  surfactant- cuboidal epithelium

  (alveolar macrophages)
• right lung


  horizontal fissure

  oblique fissure

  superior lobe

  middle lobe

  inferior lobe

  3 lobar branches

  10 segmental bronchus
• left lung

  oblique fissure

  superior lobe

  inferior lobe

  2 lobar branches

  10 segmental bronchus
• respirations


  ventilation

  external respiration

  internal respiration
• ventilation


  exhale

  inhale
• external respiration


  gains oxygen, loses carbon dioxide
• internal respiration


  gains carbon dioxide, loses oxygen
• muscle for expiration

  relaxed expiration

  forces expiration
• forces expiration


  abdominals

  serratus posterior

  internal intercostal
• muscle for inspiration

  relaxed inspiration

  forced inspiration
• relaxed inspiration


  diaphragm

  external intercostals
• forced inspiration


  sternocleidomastoid

  upper trapezius

  pectorals

  anterior, middle and posterior scalene

  serratus anterior
• modified breathing movements

  coughing

  sneezing

  sighing

  yawning

  sobbing

  crying

  laughing

  hiccuping

  valsalva maneuver

  pressurizing the middle ear
• tidal volume


  amount of air inspired or expired with each normal breathe
• what is the normal tidal volume?

  500ml
• inspiratory reserve volume


  amount of air that can still be inspired after a normal inspiration
• what is the normal inspiratory volume of humans?


  3000ml
• expiratory reserve volume


  amount of air that can still be expired after normal expiration
• normal expiratory reserve volume


  1000ml
• residual volume


  amount of air left inside the lungs after forceful expiration
• normal residual volume of a person


  1500ml
• inspiratory capacity


  amount of air that can be maximally inspired after a normal inspiration