chemiosmosis

• What is chemiosmosis?


  this is the most widely accepted model to explain the synthesis of ATP in oxidation phosphorylation
• what does the theory of chemiosmosis propose


  that energy for ATP synthesis originates from the electrochemical gradient of protons across the membrane
• how does the electron transport chain start


  reduced NAD and reduced FAD will be oxidized
• what happens when reduced nad and reduced fad are oxidised at the start of the electron transport chain


  the hydrogen ions that are removed are delivered to the electron transport chain at the inner mitochondrial matrix
• what happens to the removed hydrogen atoms when they reach the ETC


  they are split into protons ans electrons
• in the electron transport channel what happens to the electrons(e-) produced when the hydrogen atoms are split into protons and electrons


  the high energy electrons are transferred along carriers in the inner mitochondrial membrane along the electron transport chain , moving form high energy levels to lower levels
• what happens to the energy released from the electron transport chain


  it fuels the proton pumps
• in the electron transport chain what happens to the protons produced from the hydrogen atoms when they are split into protons and electrons


  they are pumped through channel proteins from the matrix to the intermembrane space
• how are protons pumped through protons pumps(what process?)


  active transport
• when protons are pumped though the proton pumps where does the energy come from for active transport


  the electrons produced from the hydrogen atoms
• what is meant by oxidative phosphorylation


  this is when ATP is produced using the electron transport chain
• what effect does protons pumps pumping protons through into the mitochondrial matrix have

  it will create an electrochemical gradient
• what is meant by an electrochemical gradient


  this is a difference in hydrogen ion concentrations on two sides of a membrane
• after a electrochemical gradient has been formed what happens to the protons


  they flow down the concentration gradient through a ion channel in the stalked particle
• what is the only part of the ETC that is permeable to H+ ions


  the stalked particle ion channel
• what is found in the lining of the stalked particle

  ATP synthase
• what does the flow of protons through the stalked particle do


  they release enough energy for the synthesis for ATP
• after ATP has been synthesized in electron transport chain what happens to the remaining electrons and protons


  they combine with oxygen to produce water
• what is the final electron acceptor after the electron transport chain


  oxygen
• what is the the equation for when oxygen is the final electron acceptor (to produce water)

  4H+ + 4e- + O2 ->2H2O
• how much ATP is produced per reduced NAD molecule


  3
• how much ATP is produced per reduced FAD molecule

  2
• predict the change in ph in the intermembrane space during chemiosmosis and explain why the ph changes


  the ph will decrease due to the increase in protons
• name the three stages of cellular respiration from which NAD may pick up hydrogen atoms


  Glycolysis , link reaction and the krebs cycle