TORTORA URINARY

• What do body cells consume during metabolic activities?

  Oxygen and nutrients
• Why must waste products be eliminated from the body?

  They can be toxic to cells if accumulated
• Which system rids the body of carbon dioxide?

  Respiratory system
• What does the urinary system dispose of?

  Most other waste products
• How does the urinary system remove wastes?

  By excreting them into urine
• Besides waste disposal, what is another function of the urinary system?

  Regulating blood composition and pH
• What hormones does the urinary system produce?

  Calcitriol and erythropoietin
• What are the main functions of the urinary system?

  • Excretion of wastes
  • Regulation of blood composition
  • Regulation of blood pH
  • Regulation of blood volume and pressure
  • Maintenance of blood osmolarity
  • Production of hormones
• What fluid do the kidneys excrete wastes into?

  Urine
• What is nephrology?

  The study of kidneys' anatomy and physiology
• What is the medical field that deals with urinary systems called?

  Urology
• What is a physician specializing in urology called?

  Urologist
• What are the components of the urinary system?

  • Two kidneys
  • Two ureters
  • One urinary bladder
  • One urethra
• What do the kidneys regulate in the blood?

  Blood volume and composition
• What do ureters do?

  Transport urine from kidneys to bladder
• What is the function of the urinary bladder?

  Stores urine until expulsion
• What does the urethra do?

  Discharges urine from the body
• What are nitrogenous wastes?

  Waste products that contain nitrogen
• What metabolic reactions produce urea and ammonia?

  Deamination of amino acids
• What is creatinine a product of?

  Breakdown of creatine phosphate
• What produces uric acid?

  Catabolism of nucleic acids
• What is urobilin a product of?

  Breakdown of hemoglobin
• How do kidneys regulate blood ionic composition?

  By adjusting ion excretion in urine
• What ions do kidneys primarily regulate?

  Sodium, potassium, calcium, chloride, phosphate
• How do kidneys help regulate blood pH?

  By excreting hydrogen ions and conserving bicarbonate
• How do kidneys regulate blood volume?

  By conserving or eliminating water in urine
• What enzyme do kidneys secrete to regulate blood pressure?

  Renin
• What is the osmolarity of blood maintained by kidneys?

  Close to 300 milliosmoles per liter
• What hormones do kidneys produce?

  Calcitriol and erythropoietin
• How do kidneys regulate blood glucose levels?

  By using glutamine in gluconeogenesis
• What is the composition of urine?

  • Water
  • Urea
  • Creatinine
  • Uric acid
  • Ions
  • Other substances in excess
• What is the external shape of a typical adult kidney?

  Kidney bean-shaped
• Where are the kidneys located?

  Above the waist, retroperitoneal
• Why is the right kidney lower than the left?

  Because of the liver's position
• What is the size of a typical adult kidney?

  10–12 cm long
• What is the renal hilum?

  An indentation where structures enter/exit kidney
• What are the three layers of tissue surrounding each kidney?

  Renal capsule, adipose capsule, renal fascia
• What is the function of the renal capsule?

  Protects against trauma and maintains shape
• What does the adipose capsule do?

  Protects kidney from trauma and holds it in place
• What is the role of the renal fascia?

  Anchors kidney to surrounding structures