gender differences

• What is a common reason female crimes go unreported?

  They are less likely to be noticed
• Why might domestic violence go unreported?

  Due to fear, shame, and disbelief
• Who proposed the chivalry thesis?

  Pollak
• What does the chivalry thesis suggest about women in the justice system?

  Women are treated more leniently by authorities
• What evidence contradicts the chivalry thesis regarding shoplifting?

  Men shoplift more, but women are prosecuted more
• What criticism does Walklate have regarding female victims of sexual assault?

  They are treated as if on trial in court
• What is Parsons' view on women's nature regarding crime?

  Women are nurturing and do not want to commit crime
• What do feminists criticize about Parsons' sex role theory?

  Gender roles are socially constructed, not biological
• Who discussed patriarchal control in relation to women's crime?

  Heidensohn
• What are some examples of patriarchal control in women's lives?

  Domestic violence, workplace inequality, public expectations
• What did Dobash and Dobash find regarding domestic violence?

  Men use violence to maintain women's subordination
• What is the liberation thesis proposed by Adler?

  Women commit more crime as they gain equality
• What is a criticism of the liberation thesis?

  It mainly applies to middle-class women
• What are the two deals Carlen describes for women?

  Class deal and gender deal
• What happens when Carlen's deals break down?

  Women may turn to crime
• What did Carlen find in her study of women convicted of crimes?

  Most women had experienced poverty
• What is a strength of Carlen's theory?

  It acknowledges patriarchal control's role in crime
• What does Messerschmidt argue about masculinity?

  It is an accomplishment men strive to achieve
• What is hegemonic masculinity?

  The dominant form of masculinity men aspire to
• How do some men achieve hegemonic masculinity?

  Through crime and deviance as resources
• What do lower-class men sometimes do to achieve masculinity?

  Turn to crime like gang violence
• What do middle-class men use to achieve hegemonic masculinity?

  Corporate and occupational crime opportunities
• What is a criticism of Messerschmidt's theory?

  It describes rather than explains male crime
• What does Winlow argue about globalization and masculinity?

  It has led to a decline in traditional jobs
• How has the night-time leisure economy affected masculinity?

  It provides legal and criminal opportunities
• What is bodily capital according to Winlow?

  It refers to looking strong and tough
• What does Winlow's study show about masculinity in society?

  It changes from industrial to postmodern society
• What is one way gender influences victimization risk?

  Women are more at risk of sexual assault
• How does patriarchal control affect women's victimization?

  It makes them financially dependent and subordinate
• What is one reason for gender differences in recorded crime?

  Female crime often goes unnoticed and unreported
• What does the chivalry thesis explain about recorded crime?

  Women are treated more leniently in statistics
• Why are males more likely to commit violent crime?

  Due to socialization towards toughness and masculinity
• What have sociologists found about gender differences in subject choice?

  There are still gender differences present
• How do boys and girls differ in their subject choices?

  Boys and girls follow different 'gender routes'
• Why do bigger gender differences appear in post-16 education?

  There is more choice available
• What do boys and girls typically choose in the national curriculum?

  Girls choose food technology, boys choose woodwork
• What factors explain gender differences in subject choice?

  • Gender role socialisation
  • Gendered subject image
  • Gender identity and peer pressure
  • Gendered career opportunities
• How are boys and girls socialised differently in the family?

  They are dressed differently and given different toys
• What did Byrne (1979) find about teacher expectations for boys and girls?

  Teachers encourage boys to be tough and girls to be quiet
• What did Murphy and Elwood (1998) find about boys' and girls' reading preferences?

  Boys read information books, girls read stories