White blood cells

• What type of tissue is blood classified as?

  Fluid connective tissue
• What are the main components of blood?

  Plasma, extracellular matrix, and formed elements

  
• What percentage of formed elements do red blood cells constitute?

  95%

  
• What are the two main categories of white blood cells?

  Granulocytes and agranulocytes
• What distinguishes granulocytes from agranulocytes?

  Granulocytes have large granules and lobed nuclei
• Name the three types of granulocytes.

  Neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils
• What is the function of platelets?

  Form platelet plugs and release clotting chemicals

  
• What is the diameter of a red blood cell?

  1. 5 μm
• What is the primary function of red blood cells?

  Transport O2 and CO2
• What is the abundance range of red blood cells in females?

  1. 2–5.4 million cells/μL
• What is the abundance range of red blood cells in males?

  1. 7–6.1 million cells/μL
• What is the role of neutrophils?

  Phagocytizes microorganisms and other substances
• What percentage of white blood cells do neutrophils account for?

  55–70%
• What is the function of eosinophils?

  Attacks worm parasites and modulates inflammation
• What percentage of white blood cells do eosinophils account for?

  1–4%
• What do basophils release to promote inflammation?

  Histamine
• What percentage of white blood cells do basophils account for?

  0.5–1%
• What is the primary function of lymphocytes?

  Produces antibodies and destroys infected cells
• What percentage of white blood cells do lymphocytes account for?

  20–40%
• What do monocytes become after leaving circulation?

  Macrophages
• What percentage of white blood cells do monocytes account for?

  2–8%
• What is hematopoiesis?

  Process of blood cell production

  
• Where does hematopoiesis occur in infants?

  Yolk sac, liver, thymus, spleen
• Where does hematopoiesis occur after birth?

  Red bone marrow and lymphatic tissue
• What are stem cells in relation to formed elements?

  All formed elements derive from hemocytoblasts
• What do myeloid stem cells develop into?

  Red blood cells, basophils, neutrophils, monocytes, platelets
• What is the role of erythropoietin?

  Stimulates red blood cell development
• What is the function of white blood cells?

  Protect the body from microorganisms
• What is ameboid movement in white blood cells?

  Directed movement similar to amoeba
• What is diapedesis in white blood cells?

  Cells leave bloodstream by elongating
• What is chemotaxis in white blood cells?

  Attraction to foreign materials or damaged cells
• What do eosinophils do during allergic reactions?

  Destroy inflammatory chemicals like histamine
• What do basophils produce?

  Histamine and heparin
• What is the role of platelets in hemostasis?

  Prevent blood loss and form clots
• What is hemostasis?

  Arrest of bleeding
• What are the three main events in hemostasis?

  1. Vascular spasm
  2. Platelet plug formation
  3. Coagulation or blood clotting

  
• What are the steps in platelet plug formation?

  1. Platelet adhesion to collagen
  2. Platelet release reaction
  3. Platelet aggregation

  
• What are the stages of coagulation?

  1. Activation of prothrombinase
  2. Conversion of prothrombin to thrombin
  3. Conversion of fibrinogen to fibrin

  
• What are the pathways involved in clot formation?

  1. Extrinsic pathway
  2. Intrinsic pathway
  3. Common pathway

  
• What is prothrombinase?

  Enzyme that converts prothrombin to thrombin