3. bonding

• How are ionic bonds formed?

  Through strong electrostatic attractions between charged ions
• What happens to sodium in ionic bonding with chlorine?

  Sodium gives up an electron to chlorine
• What is the charge of sodium and chlorine ions after bonding?

  Sodium is positive, chlorine is negative
• What type of ions do group one elements form?

  Plus one ions
• What type of ions do group six elements form?

  Two minus ions
• What is the formula for hydroxide ion?

  OH minus
• What is the swap and drop method used for?

  To work out the formula of ionic compounds
• How do you write the formula for calcium nitrate using the swap and drop method?

  Ca(NO3)2
• What is the formula for calcium oxide using the swap and drop method?

  CaO
• What type of structure do ionic compounds like sodium chloride form?

  Giant ionic structures
• Why do ionic compounds dissolve well in water?

  Water's polarity attracts positive and negative ions
• What happens to ionic compounds when they are molten or dissolved?

  They can conduct electricity
• Why do ionic compounds have high melting points?

  Strong electrostatic attractions require lots of energy
• What is covalent bonding?

  Sharing of outer electrons between atoms
• What types of bonds can covalent bonds form?

  Single, double, and triple bonds
• What is a coordinate bond?

  When one atom donates a pair of electrons
• How is ammonia formed using coordinate bonding?

  Hydrogen shares electrons from nitrogen
• What is the structure of graphite?

  Hexagonal layers with delocalized electrons
• Why can graphite conduct electricity?

  Delocalized electrons can carry a charge
• What is diamond's bonding structure?

  Each carbon is bonded four times
• Why does diamond have a high melting point?

  Strong covalent bonds require a lot of energy
• Does diamond conduct electricity?

  No, it does not conduct electricity
• What is the rule for determining the shape of a molecule?

  Based on bond pairs and lone pairs of electrons
• How do lone pairs affect bond angles in molecules?

  Lone pairs push bond pairs closer together
• What happens to bond angles when there are two lone pairs?

  Bond angles decrease further
• Why do bonds repel each other in molecules?

  They repel due to like charges of electrons
• What effect do lone pairs have on bond angles?

  Lone pairs decrease bond angles between bonds
• How much do lone pairs typically reduce bond angles?

  By 2.5° for each lone pair
• What is the shape of a molecule with one lone pair and three bond pairs?

  Pyramidal shape
• How does the presence of lone pairs affect molecular shape?

  Lone pairs push bond pairs closer together
• What is the bond angle in a tetrahedral molecule?

  109.5°
• What is the shape of a molecule with two bond pairs and no lone pairs?

  Linear shape
• What is the bond angle in a trigonal planar molecule?

  120°
• What is the shape of a molecule with four bond pairs and no lone pairs?

  Tetrahedral shape
• What is the bond angle in a trigonal bipyramidal molecule?

  90° and 120°
• What is the shape of a molecule with six bond pairs and no lone pairs?

  Octahedral shape
• What is the bond angle in an octahedral molecule?

  90°
• What happens to bond angles when there are lone pairs present?

  Bond angles decrease due to lone pair repulsion
• What is electronegativity?

  Ability of an atom to attract electrons
• Which element is the most electronegative?

  Fluorine