4. period 3 elements

• What is the reaction of sodium with cold water?

  It reacts vigorously, producing hydrogen gas
• What gas is produced when sodium reacts with water?

  Hydrogen gas
• How can hydrogen gas be tested during the reaction of sodium with water?

  Using a lighted splint to produce a squeaky pop
• What solution is formed when sodium reacts with water?

  Sodium hydroxide
• How does magnesium react with water compared to sodium?

  Magnesium reacts slowly, forming a weak alkaline solution
• What is the product of magnesium reacting with steam?

  Magnesium oxide
• What is the oxidation number of sulfur in sulfur dioxide?

  Plus four
• What happens to sulfur at higher temperatures with a catalyst?

  It can form sulfur trioxide
• What is the formula for sodium oxide?

  Na2O
• What is the formula for magnesium oxide?

  MgO
• What is the formula for aluminum oxide?

  Al2O3
• What is the formula for silicon dioxide?

  SiO2
• What is the formula for phosphorus oxide?

  P4O10
• What type of structure does silicon dioxide have?

  Macromolecular covalent structure
• Why does silicon dioxide have a high melting point?

  It has many strong covalent bonds
• What type of bonding is present in sodium oxide and magnesium oxide?

  Giant ionic bonding
• Why does magnesium oxide have a higher melting point than sodium oxide?

  Magnesium forms two plus ions, increasing attraction
• What effect does aluminum's three plus charge have on aluminum oxide?

  It distorts the electron cloud, adding covalent character
• What type of structure do phosphorus oxide and sulfur dioxide have?

  Simple molecular structures
• What do ionic oxides form when added to water?

  Alkaline solutions
• What is the pH range of sodium hydroxide in solution?

  Between 12 and 14
• Why is sodium hydroxide considered a strong base?

  It readily dissolves in solution
• What do ionic oxides contain that accepts protons from water?

  O$^{2-}$ ions
• What happens when ionic oxides dissolve in water?

  They accept protons and form water
• What does sodium oxide react with to form sodium hydroxide?

  Water
• What type of solution does sodium hydroxide form?

  Alkaline solution
• Is sodium hydroxide a strong or weak base?

  Strong base
• Why does sodium hydroxide have a high pH?

  It readily dissolves in solution
• What is the approximate pH range of sodium hydroxide?

  12 to 14
• How does magnesium hydroxide differ from sodium hydroxide in water solubility?

  Magnesium hydroxide is less soluble
• What is the pH range of magnesium hydroxide?

  9 to 10
• How do sodium oxide and magnesium oxide compare in their reactions with water?

  Both produce hydroxides, but differ in solubility
• What type of oxides are sulfur and phosphorus oxides?

  Simple covalent oxides
• What type of solutions do simple covalent oxides form when dissolved in water?

  Acidic solutions
• What is the minimum concentration of moles per dm³ for the acidic solution formation?

  1 mole per dm³
• What acid is formed from phosphorus oxide when it reacts with water?

  Phosphoric acid
• What is the formula for phosphoric acid?

  H$_{3}PO_{4}$
• How many protons does phosphoric acid produce upon dissociation?

  Three protons
• What is the difference between sulfur dioxide and sulfur trioxide in terms of acid formation?

  Sulfur trioxide forms sulfuric acid
• What is the formula for sulfurous acid?

  H$_{2}SO_{3}$