5. alcohols

• What functional group do alcohols contain?

  Hydroxy group (OH)
• What defines a primary alcohol?

  One alkyl group attached to carbon with OH
• What is an example of a primary alcohol?

  Butan-1-ol
• How many alkyl groups are attached to a secondary alcohol?

  Two alkyl groups
• What is an example of a secondary alcohol?

  Butan-2-ol
• What characterizes a tertiary alcohol?

  Three alkyl groups attached to carbon with OH
• What is an example of a tertiary alcohol?

  1. Methylpropan-2-ol
• Why is it important to know the types of alcohols?

  They react differently when oxidized
• What is the process of dehydration of alcohols?

  Removing water to form alkenes
• What is a sustainable source for making alkenes from alcohols?

  Fermentation of glucose from plants
• What is the reaction called when water is removed from a molecule?

  Dehydration
• What are the acids used as catalysts in dehydration reactions?

  Sulfuric acid and phosphoric acid
• What is formed when water is removed from an alcohol?

  An alkene
• How does the dehydration mechanism of alcohols work?

  Involves formation of carbocation intermediate
• What happens to the oxygen in the intermediate during dehydration?

  It stabilizes by losing a bond
• What is a characteristic of non-primary alcohol dehydration?

  Can produce two different alkenes
• What is the boiling point of cyclohexanol?

  83°C
• What is the purpose of distillation in dehydration of alcohols?

  To separate useful alkenes from impurities
• How does distillation separate components?

  According to their boiling points
• What is the role of anti-bumping granules in distillation?

  To prevent violent boiling
• What type of heating element is used for cyclohexanol distillation?

  Electrical heating element
• Why is it important not to use a Bunsen burner for cyclohexanol?

  It is flammable and dangerous
• What happens to chemicals with boiling points less than 83°C during distillation?

  They evaporate and condense
• What is collected at the end of the distillation process?

  The product with impurities
• What is the purpose of using a separating funnel after distillation?

  To remove remaining water and impurities
• What is the main goal when purifying alkenes?

  To obtain pure alkenes
• What are the steps involved in making cyclohexene from cyclohexanol?

  1. Use distillation with sulfuric or phosphoric acid.
  2. Add anti-bumping granules to prevent violent boiling.
  3. Heat to 83°C to evaporate cyclohexanol.
  4. Collect the vapor in a condenser.
  5. Separate impurities using a separating funnel.
• What are the differences between primary, secondary, and tertiary alcohols?

  • Primary: One alkyl group attached to carbon with O.
  • Secondary: Two alkyl groups attached to carbon with O.
  • Tertiary: Three alkyl groups attached to carbon with O.
• What is the significance of using renewable sources for making alkenes?

  • Reduces reliance on non-renewable resources.
  • Supports sustainable practices.
  • Utilizes plant materials for production.
• What are the key features of dehydration reactions of alcohols?

  • Involves removal of water.
  • Forms alkenes.
  • Can produce different products from non-primary alcohols.
• What are the practical techniques used in the preparation of cyclohexene?

  • Distillation for separation.
  • Use of acid catalysts.
  • Anti-bumping granules for smooth boiling.
• What are the implications of using distillation in alcohol dehydration?

  • Separates useful products from impurities.
  • Requires careful temperature control.
  • Involves collection of vapor and condensation.
• What is the role of acid catalysts in dehydration reactions?

  • Facilitate the removal of water.
  • Stabilize intermediates during the reaction.
  • Increase reaction rate.
• What are the safety precautions when distilling flammable substances?

  • Use electrical heating elements.
  • Avoid open flames.
  • Ensure proper ventilation.
• What is the importance of knowing boiling points in distillation?

  • Determines which components evaporate.
  • Affects separation efficiency.
  • Guides temperature settings during distillation.
• Why is an electrical heating element used instead of a Bunsen burner for heating cyclohexanol?

  Because cyclohexanol is flammable
• What happens to chemicals with a boiling point less than 83°C during the process?

  They evaporate and drive off into the condenser
• How does the condenser work in this process?

  It cools vapor into liquid using cold water
• What type of container is used to collect the product after condensation?

  A measuring cylinder
• What impurities are present in the collected product?

  Unreacted cyclohexanol and water