8. aldehydes and ketones

• What functional group do aldehydes and ketones contain?

  Carbonyl functional group
• Where is the carbonyl group located in aldehydes?

  At the end of the carbon chain
• How do aldehydes typically end in nomenclature?

  They end in "al"
• What is an example of an aldehyde?

  Propanal
• Where is the carbonyl group located in ketones?

  In the middle of the carbon chain
• How do ketones typically end in nomenclature?

  They end in "one"
• What is an example of a ketone?

  Propanone
• What happens when aldehydes are oxidized?

  They form carboxylic acids
• Can ketones be oxidized?

  No, they cannot be oxidized
• What is Tollen's reagent used for?

  To distinguish between aldehydes and ketones
• What colour is silver nitrate solution?

  Colorless
• What happens when Tollen's reagent reacts with an aldehyde?

  A silver mirror forms
• What is the appearance of the solution when an aldehyde is present in Tollen's test?

  It forms a silver mirror
• What is the role of the hot water bath in Tollen's test?

  To provide gentle heating for the reaction
• What is Fehling's solution used for?

  To distinguish between aldehydes and ketones
• What color change occurs in Fehling's solution when an aldehyde is present?

  It changes from blue to brick red
• What happens to Fehling's solution when a ketone is present?

  It remains blue
• What is the reducing agent used to reduce aldehydes and ketones?

  Sodium borohydride (NaBH4)
• What do aldehydes reduce to?

  Primary alcohols
• What do ketones reduce to?

  Secondary alcohols
• How many reducing agents are needed to reduce an aldehyde?

  Two reducing agents
• How many reducing agents are needed to reduce a ketone?

  Two reducing agents
• What is the main difference between the oxidation of aldehydes and ketones?

  Aldehydes can be oxidized, ketones cannot
• How do Tollen's reagent and Fehling's solution differ in their function?

  Both are oxidizing agents for aldehydes
• What is the significance of the carbonyl group's position in aldehydes and ketones?

  It determines their classification and reactions
• What is the general formula for aldehydes?

  CnH2nO
• What is the general formula for ketones?

  CnH2nO
• What is the common name for propan-2-ol?

  Isopropanol
• What is the importance of knowing the reactions of aldehydes and ketones?

  It helps in identifying and synthesizing compounds
• How do the properties of aldehydes and ketones affect their reactivity?

  The position of the carbonyl group influences reactivity
• What happens when aldehydes react with Tollen's reagent?

  A silver mirror forms
• What happens when aldehydes react with Fehling's solution?

  It changes from blue to brick red
• What is the significance of the carbon chain length in aldehydes and ketones?

  It affects their boiling points and solubility
• What safety precautions should be taken when handling aldehydes and ketones?

  Use a hot water bath, avoid open flames
• What are some real-world applications of aldehydes and ketones?

  Used in perfumes, solvents, and pharmaceuticals
• What is the structural difference between primary and secondary alcohols?

  Primary alcohols have one carbon attached to the hydroxyl group
• Why is balancing chemical equations important in reactions involving aldehydes and ketones?

  To ensure conservation of mass and accurate results
• Why do we need two hydrogens on the end of the oxygens?

  To ensure the molecule is balanced
• What type of alcohol do ketones primarily produce when reduced?

  Secondary alcohols
• What is the reducing agent commonly used for ketones?

  Sodium borohydride (NaBH4)