9. carboxylic acids and esters

• What functional group characterizes carboxylic acids?

  The carboxyl group COOH
• What is the naming convention for carboxylic acids?

  Longest carbon chain ending with oic acid
• Where is the carboxyl group located in carboxylic acids?

  At the end of the molecule
• How is the carboxyl group numbered in a carbon chain?

  Always as carbon one
• What is the difference between carboxylic acids and aromatic acids?

  Aromatic acids contain a benzene ring
• What type of acids are carboxylic acids?

  Weak acids
• What do carboxylic acids produce when they react with carbonates?

  Carbon dioxide, salt, and water
• How do weak acids dissociate in solution?

  They dissociate poorly, producing few H+ ions
• What is the equilibrium position for weak acids?

  It lies well to the left
• What is the reaction of ethanoic acid with sodium carbonate?

  Produces sodium ethanoate, water, and carbon dioxide
• What is the role of sulfuric acid in esterification?

  It acts as a catalyst
• What is formed when a carboxylic acid reacts with an alcohol?

  An ester and water
• What is an acid anhydride?

  A carboxylic acid without the hydroxyl group
• How are esters named?

  From the alcohol and carboxylic acid used
• What is the first part of an ester name derived from?

  The alcohol used in the reaction
• How do you name an ester formed from ethanol and propanoic acid?

  Ethyl propanoate
• What is the significance of the alkyl group in ester naming?

  It indicates the alcohol used
• What is the full name of the ester formed from ethanol and 2-methylpropanoic acid?

  Ethyl 2-methylpropanoate
• What are esters commonly used for?

  In perfumes and food flavorings
• Why are esters ideal for the perfume industry?

  They have distinct sweet smells
• How do esters behave in solvents?

  They dissolve polar compounds readily
• What is a common use of esters in glues?

  They evaporate easily to leave resin
• What is the role of plasticizers in plastics?

  To make plastics more flexible
• Why are there strict laws regarding plasticizers in children's toys?

  They can leach out and be toxic
• What happens to glue when the solvent evaporates?

  It leaves behind a hardened resin
• Why are plasticizers used in plastics?

  To make plastics more flexible
• What is an example of a product that contains plasticizers?

  Rubber ducks
• What happens to plastics over time?

  They become brittle
• What causes plastics to degrade outdoors?

  UV light from the Sun
• What is hydrolysis?

  Breaking down with water
• What is the role of an acid in ester hydrolysis?

  To speed up the reaction
• What is produced from acid hydrolysis of an ester?

  A carboxylic acid and alcohol
• What is the formula for glycerol?

  Propane-1,2,3-triol
• What type of fatty acids can react with glycerol?

  Saturated and unsaturated fatty acids
• How do saturated and unsaturated fatty acids differ?

  Saturated have no double bonds; unsaturated have at least one
• Why are saturated fats considered unhealthy?

  They can increase bad cholesterol levels
• What is produced when fats and oils are hydrolyzed?

  Soap
• What is the effect of double bonds in fatty acids on their structure?

  They prevent tight packing of chains
• How do the melting points of oils compare to those of fats?

  Oils have lower melting points than fats
• What is the significance of Van der Waals forces in fats and oils?

  They affect melting and boiling points