11. amines

• What is the chemical formula for ammonia?

  NH3
• How are amines derived from ammonia?

  By replacing hydrogen atoms with alkyl groups
• What types of amines are there?

  Primary, secondary, tertiary, and quaternary
• What distinguishes a primary amine from a secondary amine?

  A primary amine has one alkyl group
• How can you identify a tertiary amine?

  It has three alkyl groups around nitrogen
• What is a characteristic of quaternary amines?

  They have four alkyl groups surrounding nitrogen
• What happens to the charge of nitrogen in quaternary amines?

  Nitrogen has a positive charge
• What are aliphatic amines?

  Amines without a benzene ring
• What are aromatic amines also known as?

  Phenol amines
• What is a common use of quaternary ammonium salts?

  In cleaning products like shampoos
• What is a surfactant?

  A substance that cleans by removing dirt
• How do cationic surfactants work in cleaning products?

  They have a positive head attracted to negative ions
• What is the role of the hydrocarbon tail in cationic surfactants?

  It attracts oil and grease
• What happens when washing up liquid is added to oil in water?

  It creates an emulsion allowing mixing
• How do cationic surfactants help with hair care?

  They remove static from hair fibers
• What is the purpose of fabric softeners?

  To remove static and soften fabrics
• What is the purpose of hair conditioner?

  To soften hair and remove static
• Why do longer hair types experience more static?

  They have more surface area for static buildup
• What is fabric softener used for?

  To remove static from fabrics
• How does static electricity manifest when wearing certain fabrics?

  It creates crackling sounds and sparks
• What type of bond do amines primarily act as?

  They act as bases
• What allows amines to accept protons?

  The lone pair of electrons on nitrogen
• What type of bond is formed when a proton bonds to an amine?

  A dative covalent bond
• What determines the strength of a base in amines?

  The availability of lone pair electrons
• Which type of amines are the weakest bases?

  Aromatic amines
• How do aromatic amines affect electron availability?

  They withdraw electrons, reducing availability
• What is the electron density distribution in ammonia?

  It is spread equally around nitrogen
• How do primary aliphatic amines behave in terms of electron density?

  They push electrons towards nitrogen, increasing density
• What happens when a primary amine reacts with halogen or alkene?

  It can produce secondary, tertiary, and quaternary amines
• Why is excess ammonia important in the reaction with halogen or alkene?

  To ensure complete reaction and prevent byproducts
• What is produced alongside primary amines in the reaction with halogen or alkene?

  Ammonium chloride
• What is the role of ammonia in the reaction with halogen or alkene?

  It acts as both a nucleophile and a base
• What is a downside of the method for producing primary amines?

  It produces a mixture of amines, not pure
• How does the presence of lone pair electrons affect amines in reactions?

  They allow amines to act as nucleophiles
• What are the two methods to produce aliphatic amines?

  1. Reacting halogen or alkene with excess ammonia
  2. Reducing a nitrile
• What is the mechanism for producing aliphatic amines from halogen or alkene?

  • Ammonia acts as a nucleophile
  • Electrons from ammonia attack the carbon
  • Chlorine bond breaks, forming an intermediate
  • Excess ammonia reacts to form primary amine
  • Ammonium chloride is produced as a byproduct
• What types of amines can be produced from the reaction with halogen or alkene?

  • Primary amines
  • Secondary amines
  • Tertiary amines
  • Quaternary ammonium salts
• What factors influence the basicity of amines?

  • Type of group attached to nitrogen
  • Availability of lone pair electrons
  • Electron-donating or withdrawing effects
• Why might you not get a good yield in a reaction involving primary amines?

  Because they keep reacting with halogens or alkanes
• What do primary amines have on their nitrogen?

  A lone pair of electrons