Culture

• How is culture defined according to Solomon et al 2019?

  Accumulation of shared meanings and traditions
• What does culture include according to the definition provided?

  Abstract ideas and material objects
• What does the ecological aspect of cultural systems refer to?

  Adaptation of a system to its habitat
• What does social structure in cultural systems maintain?

  An orderly social life among people
• How does ideology relate to culture?

  It reflects mental characteristics and social relations
• What does culture as collective memory imply?

  Shared meanings and rituals among members
• How do cultural contexts influence consumption choices?

  They shape understanding of products and behaviors
• How do cultures vary in terms of individualism and collectivism?

  They emphasize personal vs. group goals
• What is a key feature of individualist cultures?

  Importance of personal goals and changing memberships
• What is cultural appropriation in marketing?

  Borrowing elements from marginalized cultures
• What can result from cultural appropriation?

  Misrepresentation and trivialization of cultures
• What are values in the context of rules for behavior?

  General ideas about good and bad goals
• What are enacted norms?

  Explicitly decided rules of behavior
• What are crescive norms?

  Norms embedded in culture discovered through interaction
• What is a custom in cultural norms?

  A norm handed down from the past
• What is a more in cultural norms?

  A custom with a strong moral overtone
• What are conventions in cultural norms?

  Norms regarding everyday conduct
• How are many norms learned?

  Vicariously through observing others
• What is a myth in cultural context?

  A story expressing shared emotions and ideals
• What are the four functions of myths in culture?

  1. Metaphysical: Explain origins of existence
  2. Cosmological: Emphasize universe's unity
  3. Sociological: Maintain social order
  4. Psychological: Provide conduct models
• What is a ritual?

  A set of symbolic behaviors in sequence
• What are the functions of rituals?

  1. Facilitate group communication
  2. Organize life experiences
  3. Provide meaning in risky situations
  4. Offer marketing opportunities
• What are the types of ritual experiences according to Rook 1985?

  Cosmology, cultural values, civic, personal
• What are rites of passage?

  Special times marking a change in status
• What are the stages of rites of passage?

  1. Separation: Detaching from original group
  2. Liminality: In between statuses
  3. Aggregation: Re-entering society
• What are the impacts of COVID on cultural practices?

  • Bolstering: Cooking more, seeking comfort
  • Disruption: Illness affecting routines
  • Reimagining: Rallying together, alternative recipients
• What is a subculture?

  A group with shared beliefs setting them apart
• What defines micro-cultures?

  Strong identification with an activity or art form
• How do consumer tribes exist?

  Members identify and engage in collective action
• What are the characteristics of consumer tribes?

  • Multiple
  • Playful
  • Transient
  • Entrepreneurial
  • Engagement
  • Imagination
  • Alignment
• What should students reflect on regarding their liminal experiences?

  How they manifest in consumption behavior