embryology

    Cards (30)

    • What type of cell divisions occur after fertilization in the zygote?
      Mitotic divisions
    • Why do zygotes undergo rapid mitotic divisions without growth?
      To increase the number of cells for subsequent development while maintaining a smaller cell size
    • What is the morula stage in embryonic development?
      A ball of cells with 16–32 cells formed after the first several divisions
    • Around which days after fertilization does implantation occur?
      Days 6–7
    • What are the key parts of a blastocyst and their functions?
      • Inner Cell Mass (ICM): Develops into the embryo
      • Trophoblast: Forms the placenta and helps with implantation
      • Blastocoel: Fluid-filled cavity inside the blastocyst
    • What role do trophoblast cells play in implantation?
      They secrete enzymes that help embed the blastocyst into the uterine wall
    • What structure forms during gastrulation to mark the future axis of the body?
      Primitive streak
    • What are the three germ layers formed during gastrulation and what structures do they develop into?
      1. Ectoderm: Skin, nervous system, sensory organs
      2. Mesoderm: Muscles, bones, blood vessels, heart
      3. Endoderm: Internal organs such as digestive tract, liver, pancreas, lungs
    • What is the notochord and its function in the developing embryo?
      It provides structural support for the developing embryo
    • What occurs during neurulation and what structures arise from this process?
      • Development of the neural tube
      • Neural tube gives rise to the brain and spinal cord
      • Neural crest cells migrate to form sensory ganglia, parts of the heart, and certain bones and cartilage in the head
    • From which layer of the inner cell mass does the neural plate develop?
      Ectoderm
    • How does the neural plate contribute to the formation of the central nervous system?
      It folds to form the neural tube, which separates from the ectoderm and forms the CNS
    • From where do neural crest cells originate during neurulation?
      From the edges of the neural tube
    • What structures can neural crest cells differentiate into?
      Sensory ganglia, parts of the heart, and certain bones and cartilage in the head
    • What occurs during organogenesis and its significance in embryonic development?
      • Basic body plan is established
      • Germ layers develop into specialized tissues and organs
      • Most major organ systems are established during this period
    • In which week do limb buds begin to form?
      4th week
    • When does the heart begin to beat during organogenesis?
      By the end of the 3rd week
    • What structure gives rise to the eyes during organogenesis?
      Optic vesicle
    • From which germ layer does the digestive system develop?
      Endoderm
    • Why is the embryonic stem cell stage so potent during organogenesis?
      Embryonic stem cells are highly potent and can differentiate into many types of cells
    • What is the developing organism called after 8 weeks of development?
      Fetus
    • What are the main characteristics of the fetal stage?
      • Most organs are present
      • Focus on growth and maturation of existing organs
      • No formation of new structures
    • Which organs begin to function during the maturation phase of fetal development?
      Lungs and kidneys
    • What is established by the end of the first trimester in fetal development?
      Most major organs and body systems have been established
    • What structures does the ectoderm give rise to during early embryonic development?
      The ectoderm gives rise to the skin, sensory organs, and the nervous system.
    • Why is the neural plate considered the precursor to the nervous system?
      Because it is the thickened ectoderm that forms the neural tube, which develops into the brain and spinal cord, components of the nervous system.
    • What process involves the fusion of the neural plate edges to form the neural tube?
      The process is known as neurulation.
    • What is neurulation and its outcome in embryonic development?
      • The process by which the edges of the neural plate fold and fuse to form the neural tube
      • Results in the formation of the neural tube that will develop into the brain and spinal cord
    • What structures are formed by the anterior and posterior parts of the neural tube?
      The anterior part forms the brain, while the posterior part forms the spinal cord.
    • How does the brain further differentiate from the neural tube?
      • The brain develops into various regions: forebrain, midbrain, hindbrain
      • These regions give rise to specific structures like the cerebrum, cerebellum, and brainstem
    See similar decks