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embryology
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Anais Colin
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Cards (30)
What type of cell divisions occur after fertilization in the zygote?
Mitotic divisions
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Why do zygotes undergo rapid mitotic divisions without growth?
To increase the number of cells for
subsequent
development while maintaining a smaller cell size
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What is the morula stage in embryonic development?
A ball of cells with
16–32 cells
formed after the first several divisions
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Around which days after fertilization does implantation occur?
Days 6–7
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What are the key parts of a blastocyst and their functions?
Inner Cell Mass
(ICM): Develops into the embryo
Trophoblast
: Forms the
placenta
and helps with implantation
Blastocoel
: Fluid-filled cavity inside the blastocyst
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What role do trophoblast cells play in implantation?
They secrete enzymes that help embed the
blastocyst
into the
uterine
wall
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What structure forms during gastrulation to mark the future axis of the body?
Primitive streak
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What are the three germ layers formed during gastrulation and what structures do they develop into?
Ectoderm
: Skin, nervous system, sensory organs
Mesoderm
: Muscles, bones, blood vessels, heart
Endoderm
: Internal organs such as
digestive tract
,
liver
,
pancreas
,
lungs
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What is the notochord and its function in the developing embryo?
It
provides
structural
support
for
the
developing
embryo
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What occurs during neurulation and what structures arise from this process?
Development of the
neural tube
Neural tube gives rise to the brain and spinal cord
Neural crest cells
migrate to form sensory ganglia, parts of the heart, and certain bones and cartilage in the head
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From which layer of the inner cell mass does the neural plate develop?
Ectoderm
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How does the neural plate contribute to the formation of the central nervous system?
It folds to form the
neural tube
, which separates from the
ectoderm
and forms the CNS
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From where do neural crest cells originate during neurulation?
From the
edges
of the
neural tube
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What structures can neural crest cells differentiate into?
Sensory ganglia
, parts of the heart, and certain bones and
cartilage
in the head
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What occurs during organogenesis and its significance in embryonic development?
Basic body plan is established
Germ layers
develop into specialized tissues and organs
Most major organ systems are established during this period
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In which week do limb buds begin to form?
4th
week
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When does the heart begin to beat during organogenesis?
By the end of the
3rd
week
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What structure gives rise to the eyes during organogenesis?
Optic vesicle
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From which germ layer does the digestive system develop?
Endoderm
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Why is the embryonic stem cell stage so potent during organogenesis?
Embryonic stem cells are highly potent and can
differentiate
into many types of cells
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What is the developing organism called after 8 weeks of development?
Fetus
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What are the main characteristics of the fetal stage?
Most organs are present
Focus on growth and maturation of existing organs
No formation of new structures
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Which organs begin to function during the maturation phase of fetal development?
Lungs
and
kidneys
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What is established by the end of the first trimester in fetal development?
Most
major organs
and
body systems
have been established
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What structures does the ectoderm give rise to during early embryonic development?
The ectoderm gives rise to the skin, sensory organs, and the
nervous system
.
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Why is the neural plate considered the precursor to the nervous system?
Because it is the thickened
ectoderm
that forms the
neural tube
, which develops into the brain and spinal cord, components of the nervous system.
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What process involves the fusion of the neural plate edges to form the neural tube?
The process is known as
neurulation
.
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What is neurulation and its outcome in embryonic development?
The process by which the edges of the
neural plate
fold and fuse to form the
neural tube
Results in the formation of the neural tube that will develop into the
brain
and
spinal cord
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What structures are formed by the anterior and posterior parts of the neural tube?
The anterior part forms the
brain
, while the posterior part forms the
spinal cord
.
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How does the brain further differentiate from the neural tube?
The brain develops into various regions:
forebrain
,
midbrain
,
hindbrain
These regions give rise to specific structures like the cerebrum,
cerebellum
, and
brainstem
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