Musculoskeletal system

• 5 functions of the musculoskeletal system ?


  support

  protection

  movement

  storage

  blood cell formation
• Support: Our bones provide the rigidity we need to function.
• Protection: The rigidity of our bones allows them to protect our internal organs from damage for example the rib cage and the skull.
• Movement: Without the strength of our bones we wouldn't be able to move our muscles are anchored to our bones.
• Storage: Our bones are a storehouse for fat and certain essential minerals (calcium & phosphorus).
• Blood cell formation: Most of our blood components are made in the bones
• 5 types of bones ?


  long

  short

  flat

  sesamoid

  irregular
• 1.Long bones

  Long bones are those that are longer than they are wide.

  • The end of the long bone is the epiphysis and the shaft is the diaphysis.
• long bones in the leg ?


  femur

  tibia

  fibula
• long bones in the arm ?


  humerus

  radius

  ulna
• long bones in the body ( not arms or legs) (4)

  clavicle

  metacarpals

  metatarsals

  phalanges
• 2.Short bones –

  • Short bones are about as wide as they are long.
  • These provide support with less movement.
  • carpal and tarsal bones of the wrist and feet.
• 3.Flat bones –

  • Flat bones are broad bones that provide protection or muscle attachment.
  • These bones are expanded into broad, flat plates,
• flat bones

  • cranium
  • ilium ( pelvis)
  • sternum
  • rib cage
  • sacrum
  • scapular
• Sesamoid bones

  • are smaller bones that are fixed in tendons to protect them.
  • patella (kneecap) located in the patellar tendon.
  • Other examples include the small bones of the metatarsals and the pisiform bones of the carpus.
• 5.Irregular bones:

  • The irregular bones are named for their nonuniform shape.
  • vertebrae.
• Cartilage:

  • soft cushioning substance which covers the ends of the bones.
  • It acts as a shock absorber and reduces the rubbing of the bone surfaces.
• Ligaments: Connect bone to bone, holding them together when they meet at a joint
• Tendons:

  Connect muscle to bone.

  Tendons and ligaments are strong bands of fibrous connective tissue.

  • They help in locomotion and to stabilise joints.
• A joint is where two or more bones meet (joined by ligaments).
• 3 types of joints


  fixed

  hinge

  ball and socket
• Fixed joint is in the skull
• Hinge joints allow movement in one dimension, or direction.  e.g. elbow and knee.
• Ball and socket joints allow movement in three dimensions, or directions. e.g. shoulder, hip
• 3 Types of muscle tissue


  involuntary (smooth)

  voluntary muscle ( skeletal/ striated)

  cardiac muscle
• bone diseases (4)

  osteoporosis

  rickets

  arthritis

  metabolic bone disease
• Osteoporosis


  brittle bones
• rickets 


  bendy bones
• arthiritis

  inflammation, grinding of bones
• metabolic bone disease


  weak bones due to deficiency
• Plantigrade: toes and metatarsals flat on the ground.
• Digitigrade: walks on toes (phalanges), rest of foot off the ground. Long carpals & tarsals
• Unguligrade: walk on hooves, tips of the digits.