L5 | CARBOHYDRATES

• CARBOHYRATES

  • “Sugars” (building block which makes up carbohydrates) or “Sweets”
• CARBOHYDRATES

  • Primary energy source of our body
  • Most common biomolecule
  • Function:
  • Immediate source of energy
  • Cell growth, repair, and rejuvenation
  • Formula: (CH2O)n where n is the number of molecules
• CARBOHYDRATES

  • building block/monomer: monosaccharide 
  • mono - one
  • saccharide - another term for sugar
  • Elements:
  • Carbon (1)
  • Hydrogen (2)
  • Oxygen (1)
  • 1:2:1 ratio
• CLASSIFICATION

  1. MONOSACCHARIDE
  2. DISACCHARIDES
  3. OLIGOSACCHARIDES
  4. POLYSACCHARIDES
• MONOSACCHARIDE

  • Simple sugar
  • C6H12O6
• MONOSACCHARIDE

  1. GLUCOSE
  2. FRUCTOSE
  3. GALACTOSE
• GLUCOSE

  • Blood sugar
  • Used in cellular respiration
  • Produced by plants during photosynthesis
• FRUCTOSE

  • Fruit sugar
  • Found in fruits
• GALACTOSE

  • Found in milk with glucose
  • Little less sweet than glucose 
• DISACCHARIDES

  • Double sugar
  • Di: two
  • C12H22O11
• DISACCHARIDES

  1. MALTOSE
  2. LACTOSE
  3. SUCROSE
• MALTOSE

  • Malt sugar
  • Glucose + Glucose
• LACTOSE

  • Milk sugar
  • Glucose + Galactose
• SUCROSE

  • Table sugar
  • Glucose + Fructose
• OLIGOSACCHARIDES

  • Production of glycoprotein
  • 3-10 sugars molecules
  • C24H48O24
• POLYSACCHARIDES

  • More than 2 sugar
  • Complex sugar
  • (C6H10O5)n  or C1800H3600O1600
• POLYSACCHARIDES

  1. STARCH
  2. GLYCOGEN
  3. CELLULOSE
  4. CHITIN
• STARCH

  • used for energy storage in plants 
  • provide a quick form of energy for the body
  • Potato
  • Pasta
  • Rice 
• GLYCOGEN

  • used for energy storage in animals
  • macro macromolecules 
  • when the body doesn't need glucose for energy, it stores it in the liver and muscles in the form of glycogen
• CELLULOSE

  • found in plants, in cell walls and bark of trees 
  • Gives us fiber 
  • Has hydrogen bonds between different polysaccharides
• CHITIN

  • forms the exoskeleton of certain insects and crustaceans
• TEST FOR CARBOHYDRATES

  1. IODINE TEST FOR STARCH
  2. BENEDICT'S TEST
• IODINE TEST FOR STARCH

  • To determine the presence of starch in materials 
  • If color changes (from violet to black) = positive result 
  • If color changes to yellow (or no change) = negative result
• BENEDICT’S TEST

  • Used for simple carbohydrates
  • Green
  • 0.1 to 0.5% sugar in solution
  • Yellow
  • 0.5 to 1% sugar is present 
  • Orange
  • 1 to 1.5% sugar is present 
  • Red  
  • 1.5 to 2.0% sugar is present 
  • Brick Red
  • more than 2% sugar is present, which shows much higher sugar content
• PROCESS

  1. HYDROLYSIS
  2. DEHYDRATION SYNTHESIS
• HYDROLYSIS

  • Breaking the sugar by adding water to break a bond (with the help of enzymes)
• DEHYDRATION SYNTHESIS

  • Also called condensation 
  • Has 2 monosaccharides and draining / losing a water 
  • Makes covalent bond 
• ISOMERS

  • Molecules with the same formula, different structures