Reading and Writing - Exiled

• Barclay (1996)


  7 stages to a child’s writing development:

  1. scribbling
  2. mock handwriting
  3. mock letters, copy shapes
  4. conventional letters, can read letters as words
  5. invented spelling, child uses letters to spell words in their own way
  6. appropriate spelling, attach spelling with sounds
  7. correct spelling
• Chall (1983) 


  6 stages of reading:

  1. pre-reading, child read to my caregiver and identify alphabet (up to age 6)
  2. initial reading and decoding, identify words and read slowly to blend sounds (age 6-7)
  3. confirmation and fluency, children read faster and more fluently (age 7-8)
  4. reading for learning, children read with the purpose of learning (age 9-13)
  5. multiple viewpoints, recognise meaning and inference (age 14-18)
  6. construction and reconstruction (age 18+)
• Chall (1983) - the links between reading and writing 


  The look and say approach - children identify words and read them accurately.

  Phonic approach - children identify familiar words and start to write it themselves.

  2 types:

  1. synthetic phonics - learn individual phonemes and blend them together to form a word
  2. analytic phonics - break down words, onset (beginning) and rime (after onset) eg. ‘b’ and ‘ond’ then ’p’ and ‘ond’
• Frith (1985) - Stages of Reading

  1. Logographic stage

  • pronounce letters
  • connect letters to sounds
  • link words to one phoneme

  2. Alphabetic stage

  • comfortable with alphabet
  • combine graphemes to make longer phonemes

  3. Orthographic stage

  • recognise sound patterns and graphemes easily
  • apply patterns and rules
• Vacca, Vacca, and Grove (1995)


  Stages of spelling -

  1. pre-communicative, aware of letters but not their meaning
  2. semi phonetic, shapes link to sounds and single letters represent words eg. ‘U’ for ‘you’
  3. phonetic, systematic spelling eg. ‘tak’ for ‘take’
  4. transitional, phonetic spelling eg. ’higheked‘ for ‘hiked’
  5. correct, conventional spelling
• Kroll (1981)


  Stages of writing

  1. preparation (18months-6years), develop motor skills and learn basic spelling
  2. consolidation (7-8years), writing similar to spoken language eg. informal register
  3. differentiation (9-10years), differentiate writing and speech - understand varied writing purposes
  4. integration (mid teens), subjective voice and consistency
• Rothery (1980s)


  Reasons why we write -

  1. comment, a child writes about their experience eg. ‘I saw a dog’
  2. recount, chronological story
  3. report, objective description
  4. narrative, a complex story
• Britton (1975)


  types of writing -

  1. expressive, 1st person anecdote
  2. poetic, creative writing
  3. transactional, real world purposes eg. news article
• Britton (1975)


  functions of writing -

  1. practical, eg. lists
  2. job related, eg. office jobs
  3. stimulating, eg. organise logic
  4. social, eg. letters
  5. therapeutic, eg. diary to express emotions
• Perera 


  children find personal writing easier
• Heath (1982) - ethnicity and social class in reading


  middle class students have more experiences with reading which is inevitable due to a class divide
• Rothery - purpose of children's writing

  • observation/comment
  • recount
  • report
  • narrative

  children find the 1st two easiest because they are subjective and egocentric, the other require a 3rd person voice and more objectivity
• Britton - purposes of children's writing

  • expressive
  • poetic
  • transactional