Organism changes the rate at which it moves/ rate it changes direction In favourable conditions organisms turn lots to stay In that environment In unfavourable conditions organisms turn less to help them move into a new favourable environment
Voluntary nervous system, nerve impulses are carried to body muscle, under conscious control Autonomic nervous system, nerve impulses carried to glands/smooth muscle/Cardiac muscle, subconscious
IAA evenly distributed through plant, Light causes movement of IAA to shaded side of plant, higher conc of IAA on dark side of shoot, cells on this side elongate more than the other side, shoot too bends towards light
IAA evenly distributed through roots, greater conc of IAA on lower side of root, IAA in roots inhibits elongation of cells on lower side, roots bend downwards towards gravity
How are rod cells connected to a sensory neurone and it’s impact on light sensitivity colour sensitivity and visual acuity
Many rod cells are connected to a single sensory neurone this is called retinal convergence, this allows for spatial summation, threshold value is reached, more sensitivity to light
Due to many rod cells sharing a single impulse the brain can’t differentiate between the separate sources of light, low visual acuity
Cannot distinguish differences in the wavelength of light
How are cone cells connected to a sensory neurone and it’s impact on visual acuity colour sensitivity and light sensitivity
Each cone cells connects to its own sensory neurone, no spatial summation, not very sensitive to light
Each cell makes its own connection, where each sends its own SEPERATE impulse to the brain, brain can distinguish between two different light sources, high visual acuity
Each cell contains one of three different iodopsin pigments, each cell absorbs a different wavelength of light, colours depend on the proportion of each type that is stimulated
Rhodopsin in rod cells or iodopsin in cone cells absorb light, the pigment breaks down, if threshold value is reached (depends on light intensity) a generator potential is created,
Specific to stimulus of mechanical pressure Acts as a transducer to produce a generator potential, transducers mechanical energy into a generator potential (one for of energy converted into another)
Single sensory neurone at centre of tissue layers, contain stretch mediated sodium channels Capsule surrounds layers of tissue and gel Tissue layers separated by gel
How is a generator potential established in a pacinian corpuscle
Resting state, stretch mediated Na+ channels are too narrow for Na+ to pass through Pressure applied to corpuscle, deformed, membrane around neurone becomes stretched, widens Na+ channel, Na+ diffuses in Membrane becomes depolarised, produces generator potential, which produces an action potential
Higher than normal blood pressure Pressure receptors transmit more nervous impulses to centre in medulla oblongata, decreases heart rate, centre sends impulses via parasympathetic nervous system to SAN, decreased heart rate Lower blood pressure than normal Pressure receptors transmit more nervous impulses to centre in medulla oblongata to increase heart rate, centre sends impulses via sympathetic nervous system to SAN increases heart rate