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Biology
Paper 1
Bioenergetics
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Cards (52)
Photosynthesis
1. Carbon dioxide + water
2. Glucose + oxygen
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Chlorophyll
The green pigment found in the
chloroplast
(organelle)
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Photosynthesis is an
endothermic
reaction
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Plants carry out
photosynthesis
only when it's
light
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Plants carry out
respiration
all the time (with or without
light
)
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Uses of glucose produced in photosynthesis
Used for
respiration
Converted into
insoluble
starch (storage)
Used to produce
fat
/
oil
(storage)
Used to produce
cellulose
(strengthen)
Used to produce
amino
acids (produce
protein
)
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Testing leaves for
starch
1. Put leaf in hot
water
for
1
minute
2. Place leaf in boiling tube with
ethanol
and put that in a
water bath
for 10 minutes
3. Remove
leaf
and place in hot
water
again
4. Remove leaf, used
tweezers
to spread it out on a petri dish and put a few drops of
iodine
solution on it
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Hot water
Stops anymore
photosynthesis
& remove
waxy cuticle
(iodine can enter cells later)
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Ethanol
Removes
chlorophyll
, so that the change in
colour
can be seen
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Ethanol
is flammable, can't be exposed to
naked
flame
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Hot water (again)
Rehydrate
&
soften
the leaf
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Limiting factors of photosynthesis
Light
intensity
Carbon
dioxide
Temperature
Amount of
chlorophyll
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As light intensity increases
The rate of photosynthesis increases, until another factor (
temperature
/
CO2
) is in short supply
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As CO2
increases
The rate of photosynthesis
increases
, until another factor (light intensity / temperature) is in short supply
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As temperature
increases
The rate of photosynthesis
increases
, until it gets to an
optimum
, where the photosynthesis
peaks
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0.04% CO2 is a limiting factor for photosynthesis (regardless of temperature)
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15°C is a limiting factor for photosynthesis
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Inverse square law
The intensity of light is inversely proportional to the square of the distance from the source
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Gas exchange in the respiratory system
Oxygen needs to diffuse into the
blood stream
and
carbon dioxide
needs to diffuse out
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Adaptations of the lungs
Millions of
alveoli
The alveoli wall is
very
thin
Large
blood
supply/
gas
supply
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Emphysema
Causes
shortness
of breath, difficulty exercising due to
deformed
alveoli - reduced surface area for
diffusion
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Respiration
The process of
releasing
energy from the
breakdown
of
glucose
, which goes on in every cell and every living
organism
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Aerobic
respiration
1. Glucose + Oxygen
2. Carbon Dioxide + Water (+ Energy)
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How energy is used by organisms
Growth
and
repair
of cells
Muscle
contraction
(movement)
To build
larger
molecules
from smaller ones (proteins from amino acids)
In mammals and birds, to control
body
temperature
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Anaerobic
respiration
1. Glucose
2. Lactic acid
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Anaerobic
respiration
The release of energy from
glucose
without using
oxygen
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Fermentation
1.
Glucose
2.
Ethanol
+
Carbon Dioxide
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During exercise
Breathing rate
increases
Heart rate
increases
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Fitness
A person's ability to respond to increased energy demand during exercise due to more efficient lungs and heart
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Fitter person's heart rate
Lower at rest
Increases more
slowly
during exercise
Highest value is
lower
than unfit person
Returns to resting rate
faster
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Oxygen
debt
The amount of extra oxygen the body needs after exercise to react with the accumulated lactic acid and remove it from the cells
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Conversion of
lactic
acid
1. Lactic acid + oxygen
2. Carbon dioxide + water
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Metabolism
The sum of all the reactions in a cell or the body
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Examples of metabolism
Conversion of
glucose
to
cellulose
in plants
Conversion of
glucose
into
glycogen
in animals and starch in plants for storage
Formation of
lipid
molecules from
glycerol
and fatty acids
Use of
glucose
and
nitrate
ions to form amino acids for protein synthesis
Breakdown of excess proteins to form
urea
for
excretion
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What is the purpose of the required practical described?
To investigate light intensity's effect on photosynthesis
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What aquatic organism is suggested for the experiment?
Pondweed
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What is the sample method for the experiment?
Place
pondweed
in a
beaker
.
Shine a
light
at it from a specific
distance
.
Record
bubbles
produced in one
minute
.
Repeat with different
lamp
distances.
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What is the independent variable in the experiment?
Light intensity
(
distance
from the light)
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What is the dependent variable in the experiment?
Number of bubbles
in one minute
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What are the control variables in the experiment?
Piece of
pondweed
Temperature
Concentration of
carbon dioxide
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See all 52 cards
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