Infection and Response

• What are pathogens?

  Microorganisms that cause infectious diseases
• How can pathogens spread?

  Through direct contact, water, air, or vectors
• What is a vector in the context of pathogens?

  Organisms that carry pathogens without disease
• How can the spread of infectious diseases be reduced?

  By hygiene, destroying vectors, isolating infected, vaccination
• What are the symptoms of measles?

  Fever and a red skin rash
• How is the measles virus spread?

  By breathing in droplets from sneezes and coughs
• Why are young children vaccinated against measles?

  To prevent complications that can be fatal
• What does HIV cause?

  AIDS
• How is HIV transmitted?

  Through sexual contact or exchange of body fluids
• What happens if HIV is untreated?

  It attacks the body's immune cells
• What is the late stage of HIV called?

  AIDS
• What is tobacco mosaic virus (TMV)?

  A viral disease affecting tobacco and other plants
• How does TMV affect plants?

  It reduces chlorophyll content and affects growth
• What is salmonella?

  A type of food poisoning caused by bacteria
• How is salmonella spread?

  By ingesting contaminated food
• What symptoms does salmonella cause?

  Fever, abdominal cramps, vomiting, and diarrhoea
• How are chickens in the UK protected from salmonella?

  They are vaccinated against salmonella
• What is gonorrhoea?

  A sexually transmitted disease caused by bacteria
• What are the symptoms of gonorrhoea?

  Thick discharge and pain when urinating
• How can gonorrhoea be prevented?

  Using barrier contraception and completing antibiotics
• What are protists?

  Single-celled eukaryotic organisms
• How is malaria transmitted?

  By a mosquito vector when bitten
• What are the symptoms of malaria?

  Severe fever that can be fatal
• How can the spread of malaria be prevented?

  By killing mosquitoes or using nets
• What is rose black spot?

  A fungal disease affecting plants
• How is rose black spot spread?

  By spores carried by water or wind
• What are the symptoms of rose black spot?

  Purple or black spots on leaves
• How can rose black spot be treated?

  Using fungicides and destroying affected leaves
• What are the body's non-specific defences against disease?

  Defences that work against all pathogens
• What role do white blood cells play in the immune system?

  They help defend against pathogens
• What is phagocytosis?

  Engulfing and digesting pathogens by white blood cells
• What are antibodies?

  Specific proteins that target pathogens
• What do antibodies do?

  Lock onto antigens on pathogens
• What are antigens?

  Markers on the surface of microorganisms
• What is the role of antitoxins?

  Neutralise the effects of toxins
• What happens when the same pathogen re-enters the body?

  The immune system responds quickly to produce antibodies
• What is vaccination?

  Injecting dead or inactive forms of a pathogen
• What is the purpose of vaccination?

  To stimulate antibody production and immunity
• What is immunisation?

  Vaccination to protect the population from disease
• What do antibiotics do?

  Kills bacteria inside the body