Biology topic-1

• What are monomers?

  Small units of larger molecules
• Give examples of monomers.

  Glucose, amino acids, nucleotides
• What are polymers made from?

  Many monomers joined together
• What happens in a condensation reaction?

  A water molecule is eliminated
• What is hydrolysis?

  Adding water to break a chemical bond
• What elements do carbohydrates consist of?

  Carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen
• What is a monosaccharide?

  A single sugar unit
• What is a disaccharide?

  A pair of monosaccharides
• What forms a polysaccharide?

  Many monosaccharides combined
• What type of bond joins monosaccharides?

  A glycosidic bond
• What is glucose's role in respiration?

  Main substrate for respiration
• How many carbon atoms does glucose contain?

  Six carbon atoms
• What are the two isomers of glucose?

  Alpha and beta glucose
• What is the general formula for monosaccharides?

  (CH2O)n
• What is maltose formed from?

  Two glucose molecules

  
• What is sucrose formed from?

  Glucose and fructose
• What is lactose formed from?

  Glucose and galactose
• What are glycogen and starch formed from?

  Condensation of alpha glucose
• What is cellulose formed from?

  Condensation of beta glucose
• What is the main function of glycogen?

  Main energy storage molecule in animals
• What is the structure of glycogen?

  Many alpha glucose units with branches
• Why is glycogen's structure beneficial?

  Allows quick energy release
• What is starch's role in plants?

  Stores energy in plants
• What are the two types of starch?

  Amylose and amylopectin
• What is amylose's structure?

  Unbranched chain of glucose
• What is amylopectin's structure?

  Branched chain of glucose
• What are cellulose's properties?

  Strong, unbranched chains of beta glucose
• What is adenosine triphosphate (ATP)?

  A molecule that acts as energy currency
• What is the function of cellulose in plants?

  Prevents cell wall bursting under pressure
• What components make up ATP?

  A ribose, adenine, and three phosphate groups
• What is the purpose of microfibrils in cellulose?

  Form strong threads for support
• What is an amino acid?

  Monomers containing amino and carboxyl groups
• What is the role of the Benedict's reagent?

  Tests for reducing sugars
• What indicates a positive Benedict's test?

  Brick red precipitate forms
• What groups are present in an amino acid?

  An amino group, carboxyl group, and R group
• What is the first step in the Benedict's test?

  Add food sample to Benedict's reagent
• What does Benedict’s test detect?

  Reducing sugars
• What does the color change in Benedict’s test indicate?

  The amount of reducing sugar present
• What is the purpose of hydrochloric acid in the modified Benedict's test?

  Hydrolyze disaccharides into monosaccharides
• What is the purpose of sodium hydrogencarbonate in the modified Benedict's test?

  Neutralize the solution for testing