Respiratory system

• What is pulmonary ventilation ?


  The process of breathing { inspiration and expiration }
• What is external respiration ?

  Exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide between alveoli
• What is internal respiration ?

  Exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide between muscles and blood
• What is tidal volume ?

  Volume of air inspired / expired per breath { 500ml }
• What is frequency ?

  Number of breaths per minute { 12 - 15 breaths / min }
• What is minute ventilation ?

  Volume of air insured and expired per minute { 5.5 / 7.5 L/M }
• What are the values for transport of oxygen ?

  97% in haemoglobin

  3% in blood plasma
• What are the values for transport of carbon dioxide ?


  23% in haemoglobin { carbonminohaemoglobin }

  7% in blood plasma

  70% dissolved in water { carbonic acid }
• What are the mechanics of breathing ?


  Muscle

  Movement

  Volume

  Pressure

  Air
• What muscles work at breathing at rest ?

  External intercostal / diaphragm
• What happens to the volume during inspiration ?

  Volume increase in the thorax
• What happen to the pressure during inspiration ?

  Pressure decreases in the thorax
• What muscle work during inspiration at exercise ?

  External inter coastal / diaphragm / sternocleidomastoid and Pectoralis minor
• What muscles working during expiration at exercise ?

  Internal inter coastal / Rectus abdominus
• Where is the RCC located ?

  medulla oblongata
• What controls inspiration at rest and exercise ?

  The IC { inspiratory control }
• What controls expiration during exercise ?

  The EC { expiratory control }
• During exercise what will the IC do ?


  Stimulates the Pectoralis minor ad sternocleidomastoid to increase breathing depth
• During exercise what will the EC do ?

  Stimulate the internal inter coastal / Rectus abdomius to contract and increase breathing rate
• What does the inter coastal nerve do ?

  Stimulate the external inter coastal muscles
• What does the phrenic nerve do ?

  Stimulate the diaphragm
• What is gaseous exchange?

  Process of getting oxygen from the air to the working muscles and carbon dioxide out
• What is partial pressure ?

  the pressure exerted by a particular gas in a mixture of gases
• What is diffusion gradient ?

  Difference in partial pressure on either side of the membrane

  - steeper gradient = faster rate
• What is external respiration ?

  Exchange of gases between alveoli and blood
• What is internal respiration ?

  Exchange of gases between blood , muscles and tissue
• What is oxygen dissacocitation ?

  Release of oxygen from the haemoglobin
• How much oxygen is released at rest ?

  25 % in to muscles from blood
• How much oxygen is released at exercise?

  75% release from blood to muscle due to Bohr shift
• How much oxygen released in recovery ?

  Non there is a greater oxygen uptake into blood from alveoli to remove waste
• What happens to oxygen at capillary bed ?

  The PP of oxygen decreases = disassociation of oxygen will occur
• What affect the Bohr shift right ?

  Lower PH

  Increase in Lactic acid

  Increase in temperature

  Presence of carbon dioxide
• Why is delivery of oxygen at exercise important ?

  It improves performance