adaptations

• What two types of cells are involved in bone remodelling?

  Osteoblasts and osteoclasts
• Why is there an increasing collagen content in cartilage, tendons, and ligaments?

  To strengthen connective tissues and support increased bone density and muscular adaptations
• How is muscular strength adapted?

  Increasing force of muscular contraction
• What is muscle hypertrophy?

  Growth of muscle size
• What adaptations occur in muscles to increase endurance?

  More efficient Type I muscle fibres, increasing number of mitochondria, glycogen stores, triglyceride stores, and myoglobin
• What adaptation increases the number of capillaries in muscle tissue?

  Enhanced capillarisation
• What is muscle hyperplasia?

  Increase in the number of muscle fibres
• What are the two main skeletal adaptations discussed?

  • Bone Remodelling
  • Collagen Content
• What are the main muscular adaptations discussed?

  • Hypertrophy
  • Muscular Strength
  • Increased Endurance
  • Enhanced Capillarisation
  • Muscle Tone
  • Hyperplasia
• What is muscle tone?

  Contraction of the muscle while a person is at rest
• What is one benefit of stronger respiratory muscles in response to training?

  Improved diaphragm and intercostal function
• How do increased lung volumes affect tidal volume and vital capacity?

  Greater tidal volume and vital capacity
• What happens to the residual volume of the lungs with increased lung volumes?

  Residual volume decreases
• What changes occur in the heart as a result of cardiac hypertrophy?

  Larger, stronger heart
• What effects does cardiac hypertrophy have on stroke volume and heart rate?

  • Increase in stroke volume
  • Decrease in heart rate (Bradycardia)
• How does aerobic training affect the heart rate through SA node signalling?

  It reduces HR because SA signalling decreases
• Why does aerobic training reduce heart rate?

  Due to an increase in vagal tone
• What is one way enhanced blood flow improves cardiovascular function?

  Increased capillarization
• How does aerobic exercise affect resting blood pressure?

  Resting blood pressure reduces
• Why does resting blood pressure decrease during aerobic exercise?

  Because the arteries become less resistant to blood flow
• How does the nervous system adapt primarily in response to resistance training?

  • Improved coordination
  • Increased motor units recruitment
  • Nervous inhibition of antagonistic muscles
• What is the primary benefit of improved coordination in the nervous system during resistance training?

  More efficient neural pathways for muscle recruitment
• What effect does resistance training have on motor units recruited?

  It increases the number of motor units recruited
• What is the consequence of increasing the number of motor units recruited during resistance training?

  Increase in force produced by the muscle
• How does nervous inhibition affect agonist muscles in resistance training?

  Antagonistic muscles are not recruited so agonist muscles can contract more forcibly
• Which hormones show enhanced levels as a result of endocrine adaptations?

  Adrenaline, noradrenaline, cortisol, and testosterone
• How does endocrine hormone balance adapt to both aerobic and resistance training?

  • Enhanced levels of adrenaline, noradrenaline, cortisol, and testosterone
• Which hormone's levels are affected by resistance training according to the endocrine adaptations?

  Testosterone
• How does cortisol respond differently to endurance and resistance exercise?

  Endurance exercise lowers cortisol, resistance training increases cortisol
• What does increased efficiency in energy systems refer to?

  Better use of ATP-PC, glycolysis, and oxidative pathways.
• What effect does anaerobic training have on the body's work capacity?

  It increases buffering capacity and enables the body to work for longer.
• What is RER and its fuel source values?

  RER is the respiratory exchange ratio, indicating the ratio of CO2 produced to O2 consumed. Its values are 0.7 for fats, 0.8 for proteins, 1 for carbohydrates, and >1.1 for anaerobic sources.
• How does aerobic training affect mitochondrial function?

  • Increases the number and size of mitochondria
  • Results in ATP being produced more quickly