physiology

• How is osteoclast activity affected by weight-bearing exercise?

  It increases.
• What changes occur in synovial fluid during exercise?

  It increases in amount and reduces in viscosity.
• Which muscle fibre types are involved in muscle fibre recruitment during exercise?

  • Type I (slow-twitch)
  • Type IIa
  • Type IIx (fast-twitch)
• How does blood flow change to working muscles during exercise?

  It increases.
• What is the result of micro-tears in muscles due to exercise?

  Muscle growth.
• How does muscle temperature change during exercise?

  It rises.
• What controls breathing rate during exercise?

  Chemical (CO2 levels) and neural mechanisms.
• What muscles are included in the respiratory muscles?

  • Diaphragm
  • Intercostals
• How is minute ventilation $(VE)$ calculated?


  $VE =$$Breathing Rate \times Tidal Volume$
• What does the oxygen dissociation curve show?

  The relationship between oxygen saturation and partial pressure of oxygen.
• What causes an increase in anticipatory heart rate before exercise?

  Adrenaline.
• How is cardiac output (Q) calculated?

  $Q =$$Stroke Volume (SV) \times Heart Rate (HR)$
• What is the cardiac cycle?

  The sequence of heart events during one heartbeat.
• How does blood pressure increase differently with aerobic exercise and strength training?

  • Aerobic exercise: Gradual increase in blood pressure
  • Strength training: Sharper increase in blood pressure
• How is blood flow redistribution achieved?

  Through vasoconstriction and vasodilation.