environmental factors

• What are altitude effects?

  Altitude effects refer to physiological changes that occur when exposed to higher altitudes.
• How does hypoxia affect the cardiovascular system?

  It increases heart rate and decreases VO2 max.
• What are the long-term adaptations to hypoxia at high altitudes?

  • Higher red blood cell production
  • Capillarisation
• What are the heat effects on the body?

  Heat effects include thermoregulation and adaptations to heat exposure.
• What mechanisms are involved in heat loss?

  • Convection
  • Conduction
  • Radiation
  • Evaporation
• What are the adaptations to heat exposure?

  Increased sweat rate and plasma volume.
• What are the cold effects on the body?

  Cold effects include heat retention mechanisms and the risk of hypothermia.
• What physiological processes are involved in heat retention?

  • Vasoconstriction
  • Shivering thermogenesis
  • Non-shivering thermogenesis
• What body temperature is considered moderate hypothermia?

  35 degrees.
• At what temperature does hypothermia become severe?

  32 degree body temperature.
• How does an increased sweat rate contribute to thermoregulation in heat?

  It increases evaporative heat loss.
• How does vasoconstriction help in heat retention?

  It reduces heat loss to the extremities by reducing blood flow.
• Why are shivering and non-shivering thermogenesis important in cold temperatures?

  They are mechanisms to conserve heat by increasing metabolic rate and heat production.