Maintaining Water and Nitrogen Levels

• What are the two main functions of hormonal coordination in humans?

  Maintaining water and nitrogen levels
• What are the waste products removed from the body?

  Water, ions, and urea
• What is urea a product of?

  Protein breakdown in the body
• How is water removed from the body?

  Through sweating, peeing, and lungs
• What is the role of the kidneys in waste removal?

  They filter blood and form urine
• What happens to water during exhalation?

  It leaves the body via the lungs
• What is the function of protease in the stomach?

  To break down proteins into amino acids
• What pH level does protease work best at?

  pH = 2
• What is the role of hydrochloric acid in the stomach?

  To kill pathogens in food
• What is bile's function in digestion?

  To neutralize stomach acid
• What is osmosis?

  The movement of water molecules from high water concentration to low water concentration across a partially permeable membrane.
• What do red blood cells carry?

  Oxygen
• What do white blood cells do?

  Fight pathogens
• What is the function of platelets?

  To help fix cuts and wounds
• What is an isotonic solution?

  Equal concentration inside and outside cells. Equal concentration of solutes and water separated by a semi-permeable membrane.
• What occurs in a hypotonic solution?

  Cells swell and may burst
• What does lysis mean?

  Break down
• Why is blood in veins not actually blue?

  It's depicted blue for diagram clarity
• What are the two layers of the kidney?

  Cortex and medulla
• What connects the kidneys to the bladder?

  The ureter
• What connects the bladder to the outside?

  The urethra
• Why do people with Type 2 diabetes have higher insulin levels?

  Due to insulin resistance and compensation
• What stimulates the pancreas to release more insulin?

  High blood glucose concentration
• What are the three steps of kidney function?

  Filtration, reabsorption, and excretion
• What does ADH stand for?

  Anti-diuretic hormone
• What happens when blood water content decreases?

  ADH is released to reabsorb water
• What occurs when blood water content increases?

  ADH release is stopped, less water reabsorbed
• What is kidney failure?

  When kidneys no longer function properly
• What can lead to kidney failure?

  Long-term dehydration and physical damage
• What is kidney dialysis?

  Treatment that restores blood substance levels
• How often is dialysis typically needed?

  Usually weekly
• What is the purpose of the dialysis membrane?

  To allow waste diffusion while blocking blood cells
• What happens to urea during dialysis?

  It moves out of blood by diffusion
• What is a kidney transplant?

  Replacing a diseased kidney with a healthy one
• What is a major risk of kidney transplants?

  Organ rejection by the immune system
• What precautions are taken to reduce organ rejection?

  Immune-suppressant drugs and tissue matching
• What is the average lifespan of transplanted kidneys?

  8 to 9 years
• What is the main reason for not removing damaged kidneys during a transplant?

  Higher risk of complications from removal
• What happens to patients during dialysis?

  They are punctured with a needle each time
• What is the risk associated with each dialysis session?

  Chance of infection from needle punctures