Primary product dependence

• What do early-stage developing countries typically produce and export?

  A narrower range of products
• What does PPD stand for in economics?

  Primary Product Dependency
• What is a characteristic of PPD?

  Heavy reliance on primary products for revenue
• What types of products are included in PPD?

  Agricultural goods, minerals, raw materials
• Why do countries with PPD rely on primary products?

  They are a significant source of revenue
• How does PPD affect a country's foreign exchange earnings?

  It relies heavily on primary product exports
• What fraction of commodity dependent countries are in sub-Saharan Africa?

  Two out of five
• What percentage of sub-Saharan African countries are commodity dependent?

  Ninety percent
• How does the percentage of commodity-dependent countries in developed countries compare to developing countries?

  Developed countries have 13%, developing have 64%
• What percentage of Zambia's exports are linked to the copper industry?

  Over 70%
• What are the components of Zambia's copper industry exports?

  • Raw copper: 47.3%
  • Refined copper: 26.7%
• What is the combined percentage of raw and refined copper in Zambia's exports?

  $74\% \text{ (47.3\% + 26.7\%)}$