bone and skeleton

• What are the different cell types involved in bone formation and resorption?

  • Osteogenic cell
  • Osteoblast
  • Osteocyte
  • Osteoclast

  
• What is an osteogenic cell?

  Osteogenic cells are stem cells that differentiate into osteoblasts

  
• What is an osteoblast?

  Osteoblasts are bone-forming cells that secrete bone matrix

  
• What is an osteocyte?

  Osteocytes are mature bone cells that maintain bone tissue

  
• What is an osteoclast?

  Osteoclasts are bone-resorbing cells

  
• What are the thin layers of bone tissue called that are arranged in concentric circles within the osteon?

  Lamellae

  
• What is the Haversian system also known as?

  • Osteon

  
• What are the spaces within the lamellae that contain bone cells called?

  Lacunae

  
• What type of lamellae are arranged concentrically around the central canal of the osteon?

  Concentric lamellae

  
• What type of lamellae are found parallel to the surface of the bone and connect adjacent osteons?

  Interstitial lamellae

  
• What are canaliculi and what is their function in bone tissue?

  They are small channels that connect lacunae to the central canal, allowing communication between bone cells.

  
• What runs through the central canal of an osteon?

  Blood vessels and nerve fibers

  
• What are perforating canals also known as?

  Volkmann's canals

  
• What is the function of perforating canals in compact bone tissue?

  They allow blood vessels and nerve fibers to enter and exit the osteons.

  
• What is the name of the fibers that secure the periosteum to the underlying bone?

  Sharpey's fibers

  
• What type of bone tissue consists of a network of trabeculae with spaces filled with marrow?

  Spongy bone

  
• How is spongy bone different from compact bone in terms of its structure and function?

  Spongy bone is a network of trabeculae for lightweight support and marrow storage, while compact bone is denser and provides strength and protection.

  
• What is the outer layer of the bone called?

  Periosteum

  
• What is the role of the periosteum in bone tissue?

  It provides protection and a site for muscle attachment.

  
• What is the lining that covers the inner surfaces of the medullary cavity and bony canals called?

  Endosteum

  
• What are the three structures found in the central canal of a bone?

  • Artery with capillaries
  • Vein
  • Nerve fiber

  
• What type of connective tissue fibers are found in the lamellae of a bone?

  Collagen fibers

  
• What is the function of lamellae in a bone?

  • Provide strength and support to the bone
  • Organize collagen fibers for optimal structural integrity

  
• What is the twisting force that aligns collagen fibers in bone lamellae called?

  Twisting force

  
• What type of tissue is typically examined in histology?

  • Biological tissues
  • Human tissues
  • Animal tissues
  • Plant tissues

  
• What techniques are used to prepare tissues for histology examinations?

  • Fixation
  • Dehydration
  • Clearing
  • Embedding
  • Sectioning
  • Staining

  
• Which method is used to preserve tissues in their original state before histological processing?

  Fixation

  
• What is the purpose of dehydration in tissue processing for histology?

  To remove water from the tissue

  
• What does clearing refer to in histological tissue processing?

  The process of removing embedding agents to prepare tissues for staining

  
• What is embedding in histological tissue processing?

  The process of placing tissues in a supporting medium to facilitate sectioning

  
• What is the function of sectioning in histological tissue processing?

  To cut tissues into thin sections for examination under a microscope

  
• What is the main purpose of staining in histological tissue processing?

  To highlight different structures and components of tissues

  
• How does fixation help preserve the integrity of tissues in histology?

  • Prevents tissue degradation
  • Maintains cellular morphology
  • Allows for accurate representation of tissue structures

  
• Why is dehydration essential for histological tissue processing?

  • Removes water, making the tissue miscible with embedding media
  • Prevents tissue distortion during the clearing process
  • Facilitates proper infiltration and embedding

  
• What is the role of clearing in preparing tissues for histology staining?

  • Removes dehydrating agents from tissues
  • Increases tissue transparency
  • Allows for proper penetration of staining solutions

  
• Why is embedding necessary in histological tissue processing?

  • Provides support during sectioning
  • Prevents tissue compression or fragmentation
  • Allows for thin and uniform sections

  
• What is the importance of sectioning in histology?

  • Allows for the examination of tissues under a microscope
  • Produces thin sections for clear visualization of cellular structures
  • Enables the study of tissue organization and architecture

  
• How does staining enhance the visualization of tissue components in histology?

  • Makes cellular structures visible under the microscope
  • Distinguishes different types of tissues and components
  • Highlights specific biochemical properties of tissues

  
• What are the two main types of embedding media used in histology?

  Paraffin wax and epoxy resin

  
• What are the common stains used in histological techniques?

  • Hematoxylin and eosin (H&E)
  • Periodic acid-Schiff (PAS)
  • Trichrome stains