gait

• What is typically measured on a vertical ground reaction force graph in animal locomotion studies?

  Vertical Ground Reaction Force in Newtons per kilogram (N/Kg)

  
• How does the vertical ground reaction force compare between a sound and a lame limb?

  • Sound limb exhibits higher vertical ground reaction force
  • Lame limb shows lower vertical ground reaction force

  
• How does the force in a compensating limb differ from a sound limb?

  The compensating limb exhibits higher ground reaction force compared to a sound limb.

  
• What can vertical ground reaction force data be used to diagnose in animal locomotion?

  • Limpness or lameness
  • Muscle imbalances
  • Gait abnormalities

  
• What does a "normal" vertical ground reaction force curve represent in animal locomotion studies?

  It represents the standard ground reaction force pattern for a healthy, sound limb.

  
• What type of data is presented in the images?

  Vertical Ground Reaction Force (GRF)

  
• Why are Vertical GRFs measured?

  To indicate the forces exerted by the body on the ground, which are essential for movement and stability analysis.

  
• What does GRF stand for?

  Ground Reaction Force

  
• In what units is the Vertical GRF measured?

  N kg-1

  
• What does the X-axis represent in the graph?

  MCP joint angle (degrees)

  
• What does MCP stand for in the context of the graph?

  Metatarsophalangeal

  
• What does the Y-axis represent in the graph?

  Vertical GRF (N kg-1)

  
• What factors could affect the Vertical GRF during walking?

  • Body mass
  • Walking speed
  • Ground surface characteristics
  • Joint angles

  
• What is the range of MCP joint angles displayed in the graph?

  190 to 250 degrees

  
• What is the maximum Vertical GRF value shown in the graph?

  14 N kg-1

  
• What is the minimum Vertical GRF value shown in the graph?

  0 N kg-1

  
• What does GRF stand for in the context of forces occurring during locomotion?

  Ground reaction force
• What type of force is generated by muscles during locomotion?

  Muscle forces
• What type of forces occur at the joints during locomotion?

  Joint contact forces
• What does GRF measure in locomotion?

  Ground Reaction Force
• What parameter is represented on the x-axis in GRF analysis?

  Time (% Stance)
• What unit is typically used to measure force in GRF analysis?

  Newtons (N)
• What component of force is denoted as Fx in GRF analysis?

  The force in the $x$ direction
• What component of force is denoted as Fy in GRF analysis?

  The force in the $y$ direction
• What component of force is denoted as Fz in GRF analysis?

  The force in the $z$ direction
• How does the direction of GRF affect an animal's movement?

  • $Fx:$ Movement forward or backward
  • $Fy:$ Movement side to side
  • $Fz:$ Movement up or down
• What proportion of GRF is typically distributed to the forelimb during standing?

  ~60%
• What proportion of GRF is typically distributed to the hindlimb during standing?

  ~40%
• During standing, how do forelimb GRFs compare to hindlimb GRFs?

  Forelimb GRFs are around 30% higher than hindlimb GRFs
• How does peak vertical GRF change with speed?

  Peak vertical GRF increases with speed
• Why does peak vertical GRF increase with speed during locomotion?

  Because greater speed requires greater force to accelerate and decelerate the limb
• Under what two primary conditions do GRFs alter during locomotion?

  • Speed
  • Incline
• How do forelimb vertical forces change uphill?

  They decrease uphill
• How do hind limb peak vertical forces change uphill?

  They increase uphill
• How does the amount of unloading in a lame limb relate to the severity of lameness?

  The amount of unloading increases with the severity of lameness
• What is a typical indicator of lameness in GRF analysis?

  Lack of symmetry between left and right limbs
• What is kinematics in the context of animal locomotion?

  The motions of the limbs and joints during locomotion
• What causes the motions of limbs and joints during locomotion?

  Forces acting on the limbs and joints
• What are the three phases of a stride during locomotion?

  1. Stride
  2. Stance
  3. Swing
• What occurs in the limb during the stance phase?

  The limb experiences high GRFs