Active & co transport

• What factors affect the rate of active transport?

  Speed of carrier proteins, number of proteins, respiration rate
• How does the speed of carrier proteins affect active transport?

  The faster they work, the faster the transport
• What is the effect of the number of carrier proteins on active transport?

  More proteins increase the transport rate
• How does the rate of respiration influence active transport?

  Higher respiration increases ATP for transport
• What happens to active transport if respiration is inhibited?

  Active transport cannot take place
• Define active transport.

  Movement against concentration gradient using ATP
• How does ATP release energy for cellular processes?

  ATP hydrolysis forms ADP and Pi, releasing energy
• What are co-transporters?

  Carrier proteins that bind two molecules simultaneously
• How do carrier proteins function in active transport?

  Molecule binds, ATP causes shape change, transports
• What is the main difference between active transport and facilitated diffusion?

  Active transport requires ATP; facilitated diffusion does not
• What happens to the rate of active transport if carrier proteins increase?

  The rate of active transport will increase
• Describe the role of sodium ions in glucose transport from the ileum.

  Na+ ions help glucose move against its gradient
• What is the process of glucose absorption in the ileum?

  Glucose is absorbed via co-transport with sodium ions
• How do sodium ions diffuse into epithelial cells?

  Through the sodium-glucose co-transporter protein
• What is the role of the sodium-potassium pump in glucose absorption?

  It creates a sodium concentration gradient
• How does glucose exit the epithelial cell into the blood?

  By facilitated diffusion through a protein channel
• What are the key differences between diffusion, facilitated diffusion, osmosis, and active transport?

  • **Diffusion**: Passive, high to low concentration
  • **Facilitated Diffusion**: Passive, uses carrier/channel proteins
  • **Osmosis**: Passive, movement of water across a membrane
  • **Active Transport**: Active, low to high concentration, requires energy
• What is the equation for aerobic respiration?

  Glucose + oxygen → carbon dioxide + water + ATP
• What is the relationship between aerobic respiration and active transport?

  Higher respiration rates increase active transport rates
• What is the role of ATP in active transport?

  ATP provides energy for transporting molecules
• How do co-transporters utilize concentration gradients?

  They use one gradient to move another molecule against its gradient
• How does the process of active transport differ from passive processes like diffusion?

  Active transport moves against gradients and requires energy
• Why is it important for cells to have a high concentration of carrier proteins?

  To increase the efficiency of active transport
• What is the function of the sodium-glucose co-transporter protein?

  It transports sodium and glucose into epithelial cells
• What happens to glucose concentration in the epithelial cell during absorption?

  It increases as glucose enters with sodium
• How does the concentration gradient affect the movement of sodium ions?

  Sodium ions move from high to low concentration
• What type of transport is facilitated diffusion?

  Passive transport using carrier/channel proteins
• What is the significance of the sodium-potassium pump in maintaining cellular function?

  It maintains sodium and potassium gradients essential for transport
• Why is active transport considered an active process?

  It requires energy to move molecules against gradients
• How do the mechanisms of transport differ in terms of energy requirements?

  Active transport requires energy; passive does not
• What is the role of facilitated diffusion in cellular transport?

  It allows large molecules to cross membranes passively
• What is the primary function of the mitochondria in relation to active transport?

  To produce ATP for energy
• How does the concentration gradient affect the movement of glucose?

  Glucose moves from high to low concentration
• What is the significance of the co-transport mechanism in nutrient absorption?

  It allows efficient absorption of nutrients against gradients
• Why is oxygen important for active transport?

  Oxygen is needed for aerobic respiration to produce ATP
• What is the role of water in the context of active transport?

  Water is not directly involved in active transport
• How does the structure of carrier proteins facilitate their function?

  They change shape to transport molecules across membranes
• How does the presence of microvilli in epithelial cells enhance absorption?

  Microvilli increase surface area for absorption
• What is the relationship between glucose concentration in the blood and the ileum?

  Glucose concentration is higher in the ileum than blood
• What is the primary function of the sodium-potassium pump?

  To maintain sodium and potassium gradients