muscular-skeletal system

• what is the axial skeleton?


  the centre, base and anchor of the skeleton.
• what is the appendicular skeleton?


  something that hangs or pertrudes from the body, capable of producing movement with muscle contractions and an anchor.
• what is vertebral alignment?


  it is the natural alignment

  a back to front curve
• name the two spine conditions


  • kyphosis
  • scoliosis
• describe kyphosis


  • too big of a front to back curve
  • a rounded upper back
  • s-shaped
  • pain
  • pushes head forward
  • affects hips
• describe scoliosis


  • lateral/side to side curve
  • progressive condition
  • serious —> pain
  • malformed vertebrate
  • uneven legs
• function of the axial skeleton


  • protection
  • shape
  • red blood cell production
• functions of the appendicular skeleton


  • movement
  • muscle attachment
• what bones make up the axial skeleton?


  • cranium
  • thoracic cage
  • vertebral column
  • pelvis
• what bones make up the appendicular skeleton?


  upper:

  • humerus
  • ulna
  • radius

  lower:

  • femur
  • tibia
  • fibula
• what are the functions of the skeleton? (5)


  • provides attachment for the muscular system
  • provides shape for the body
  • this enables movement
  • offers protection for vital organs
  • produces red blood cells
• how are bones formed?

  ossification of cartilage
• list the 5 categories of bones

  • long
  • short
  • flat
  • irregular
  • sesamoid
• what is the function of long bones?


  made up of compact bone for strength

  ends of bones are covered in articular cartilage which helps with shock absorption

  they create leverage for movement
• what is the function of short bones?


  provides support and stability
• what is the function of flat bones?


  provides protection for vital organs

  base for muscular attachment

  highest number of red blood cells produced
• what is the function of irregular bones?


  strength
• what in the function of sesamoid bones?


  to protect the tendon
• name an example of a long bone

  femur
• name an example of a short bone

  wrist and ankle
• name an example of a flat bone

  cranium, scapula and sternum
• name an example of a irregular bone

  mandible, vertebrate
• give an example of a sesamoid bone


  patella
• what is the name for red blood cell production?

  erythropoiesis
• what are tendons?


  attach muscle to bone
• what are ligaments?


  attach bone to bone to provide joint stability
• what is cartilage?


  connective tissue found on the surface surrounding bones in a joint
• what are the immediate affects of exercise on skeletal muscle


  friction of muscles moving causes heat which causes:

  • reduction in muscle viscosity, leading to more efficient muscle contractions
  • greater speed and force of contraction
  • increase in flexibility and elasticity of muscles tendons and ligaments
• what is muscle A?

  deltoid

  
• What is muscle B?

  abdominals

  
• what is muscle C?

  hip flexor

  
• what is muscle D?

  gastrocnemius

  
• what is muscle E?

  pectorals

  
• what is muscle F?

  biceps

  
• what is muscle G?

  obliques

  
• what is muscle H?

  quadriceps

  
• what is muscle I?

  Tibialis anterior

  
• what is muscle J?

  hamstrings

  
• what is muscle K?

  gastrocnemius

  
• what is muscle L?

  triceps