AUBF

• What type of containers are recommended for urine collection?

  Disposable, wide-mouthed, flat-bottom containers
• What is the minimum capacity for urine containers?

  At least 50 mL capacity
• How much urine sample is needed for analysis?

  10-15 mL of sample
• What type of container is used for pediatric urine collection?

  Adhesive bags (pediatric wee bag)
• What should be worn when working with urine?

  Gloves
• What information should be on the specimen label?

  Patient’s name, ID number, date, time
• Why should specimens be delivered to the laboratory within 2 hours?

  To avoid biochemical changes
• Where should the label be placed on the urine container?

  On the container, not the lid
• What must accompany the specimen to the laboratory?

  A requisition form
• What must match between the label and requisition form?

  Information must match
• What is the turnaround time for manual analysis?

  30 minutes
• What is the turnaround time for automated analysis?

  6 minutes
• What is the turnaround time for STAT samples?

  15-20 minutes
• What are some reasons for specimen rejection?

  Unlabeled containers, contaminated specimens
• What can cause changes in urine composition?

  Changes occur in vivo and in vitro
• When should a specimen be tested after collection?

  Within 2 hours of collection
• What should be done if testing is delayed?

  Refrigerate the specimen
• What is the most common problem with urine specimens?

  Bacterial multiplication
• What increases in urine due to bacterial multiplication?

  Color, turbidity, pH, bacteria
• What decreases in urine due to bacterial multiplication?

  Glucose, ketone, bilirubin, urobilinogen
• What is the most routinely used method of specimen preservation?

  Refrigeration (2⁰C to 8⁰C)
• What does refrigeration do to urine specimens?

  Decreases bacterial growth and metabolism
• What are the types of urine specimens and their purposes?

  • Random/Occasional/Single: Routine and qualitative UA
  • First Morning Urine: Ideal for routine UA and pregnancy test
  • Second Morning/Fasting: Glucose determination
  • 2 Hour-Postprandial: Diabetic screening
  • Glucose Tolerance: Optional with blood samples
  • Fractional Specimen: Compare concentration over time
  • Midstream clean catch: Routine UA and bacterial culture
  • Catheterized urine: Bacterial culture
  • Suprapubic aspiration: Anaerobic culture and cytology
  • Pediatric specimen: Soft plastic bag or catheterization
  • Three-glass technique: Prostatic infection
  • Timed-Specimen: 24-hour, 12-hour, 4-hour, afternoon for specific tests
  • Drug Specimen Collection: Chain of Custody documentation
• What should be done before starting the experiment?

  The site should be sterilized
• What should the medical technologist check upon receiving the urine specimen?

  If the urine container is properly labeled
• What materials are needed for urine analysis?

  Urine, container, test tube, white paper
• What is the first step in the urine analysis procedure?

  Record the volume of the urine specimen
• How should the color of the urine specimen be recorded?

  As pale, light or dark yellow, etc.
• What are the terms used to describe urine clarity?

  Clear, hazy, cloudy, turbid, milky
• What causes a fruity, sweet odor in urine?

  Ketones from lipid metabolism
• What is the normal range for specific gravity of urine?

  1.003 to 1.035
• What is the average specific gravity of urine?

  1.015 to 1.030
• What is the disadvantage of using a urinometer?

  Requires large volume of sample
• How is the corrected specific gravity calculated?

  Adjust for protein, glucose, and temperature
• What is the significance of a refractometer in urine analysis?

  Measures urine concentration using density
• What are the common causes of urine odor?

  • Aromatic: Normal, caused by urea
  • Foul, ammonia-like: Bacterial decomposition
  • Fruity, sweet: Ketones, diabetes mellitus
  • Grapelike: Maple syrup urine disease
  • Mousy: Phenylketonuria
  • Rancid: Tyrosinemia
  • Sweaty feet: Isovaleric acidemia
  • Cabbage: Methionine malabsorption
  • Bleach: Contamination
  • Rotting fish: Trimethylaminuria
• What is oliguria?

  Decrease in urine output
• What are the ranges for oliguria in adults?

  Less than 400 mL/day
• What is anuria?

  Cessation of urine flow
• What is the definition of polyuria?

  Increase in daily urine volume