Dengue, Hepatitis, HIV

• What type of infection is dengue?

  Mosquito-borne viral infection
• What virus causes dengue?

  Flavivirus
• What are the potential complications of dengue?

  Severe dengue, including hemorrhagic fever
• What are the two severe forms of dengue?

  • Dengue hemorrhagic fever
  • Dengue shock syndrome
• How is dengue transmitted to humans?

  Through bites of infected female mosquitoes
• What are the primary vectors of dengue?

  • Aedes aegypti
  • Aedes albopictus
• What is the primary vector of dengue?

  Aedes aegypti
• What is the feeding behavior of Aedes aegypti?

  Day-time feeder with peak periods in morning and evening
• What allows Aedes albopictus to spread effectively?

  Tolerance to low temperatures and hibernation
• What are common symptoms of dengue?

  Flu-like illness with severe headache and rash
• How long do symptoms of dengue usually last?

  2–7 days
• What temperature indicates a high fever in dengue cases?

  40°C (104°F)
• What symptoms should be present with high fever to suspect dengue?

  • Severe headache
  • Pain behind the eyes
  • Muscle and joint pains
  • Nausea
  • Vomiting
  • Swollen glands
  • Rash
• What are the four serotypes of dengue?

  1. DENV-1
  2. DENV-2
  3. DENV-3
  4. DENV-4
• What are the types of dengue infections?

  1. Primary Dengue Fever Infection
  2. Secondary Dengue Fever Infection
  3. Dengue Hemorrhagic Fever
  4. Dengue Shock Fever
• When is NS1 antigen detectable in dengue infection?

  From the 1st to 9th day of infection
• What does a positive NS1 antigen test indicate?

  Presence of dengue virus in the blood
• What do IgM antibodies indicate in dengue diagnosis?

  Present or acute dengue infection
• What do IgG antibodies indicate in dengue diagnosis?

  Past dengue infection
• What is the procedure for the Dengue IgG/IgM test?

  1. Add serum/plasma to sample well.
  2. Add dengue diluent.
  3. Read results after 20 minutes.
• What does the presence of a line in the control region indicate?

  The test is valid
• What does a positive result in the IgM line indicate?

  Acute dengue infection
• What does a positive result in the IgG line indicate?

  Past dengue infection
• What does the presence of lines in both IgG and IgM indicate?

  Convalescent or recovery phase
• What does the absence of lines in both IgG and IgM indicate?

  No dengue infection
• What is the interpretation of results for dengue tests?

  • Positive IgM: Primary infection
  • Positive IgG: Past infection
  • Positive IgG and IgM: Late primary or early secondary infection
  • Negative: No dengue infection
  • Invalid: No control line present
• What is the purpose of the Dengue NS1 Ag Test?

  To detect NS1 antigen in dengue infection
• What is hepatitis?

  Inflammation of the liver
• What are early symptoms of hepatitis?

  Flu-like symptoms and abdominal pain
• What can hepatitis lead to in the liver?

  Liver enlargement or jaundice
• What are the two major groups of hepatitis viruses?

  1. Primary hepatitis viruses: A, B, C, D, E
  2. Secondary hepatitis viruses: EBV, CMV, Herpesvirus
• What is the most common liver disease worldwide?

  Viral hepatitis
• What is the transmission route for Hepatitis A?

  Fecal-oral route
• What is the average incubation period for Hepatitis A?

  28 days
• What is the treatment for Hepatitis A?

  Supportive care
• What type of virus is Hepatitis B?

  DNA virus
• What are the transmission routes for Hepatitis B?

  Parenteral, sexual, perinatal
• What is the incubation period for Hepatitis B?

  30-180 days
• What are the markers for Hepatitis B infection?

  • HBsAg: Active infection
  • Anti-HAV: Immunity to HAV
  • HAV RNA: Detection in samples
• What does a positive HBsAg indicate?

  Active hepatitis B infection