Third Shifting Coverage

• What does molecular diagnostics analyze?

  DNA or RNA sequences for disease indicators
• How does molecular diagnostics help in prenatal care?

  It can detect conditions of an unborn child
• What is the significance of early detection in molecular diagnostics?

  It leads to early treatment and improved outcomes
• What technology boomed during the pandemic?

  Molecular diagnostics
• What does RT-PCR detect?

  Genes present in SARS-CoV-2
• What is antigen testing classified under?

  Immunoserology
• What is genetic variation in molecular diagnostics?

  Identifying organisms by specific genes
• How does gene expression relate to diseases?

  It determines infections based on genetic makeup
• What does protein analysis identify?

  Amino acid sequences in proteins
• How does molecular diagnostics differ from traditional diagnostics?

  Molecular diagnostics tests multiple aspects at once
• Why is molecular diagnostics important?

  It enables early disease detection and personalized medicine
• What is PCR used for?

  DNA replication in vitro
• What are the basic steps of PCR?

  Denaturation, annealing, and extension
• What temperature is used for denaturation in PCR?

  94-98° C
• What happens during the annealing step of PCR?

  Primers bind to single-stranded DNA
• What is the optimal temperature for extension in PCR?

  70-75° C
• What does Real-Time PCR quantify?

  DNA or RNA in a sample
• What is the role of the RT enzyme in RT-PCR?

  Converts RNA to complementary DNA (cDNA)
• What is the purpose of thermocycler in RT-PCR?

  Amplifies DNA sequences for analysis
• What is the first step in COVID-19 testing using RT-PCR?

  Isolating RNA from the virus
• What does digital PCR quantify?

  Absolute number of target molecules in a sample
• What is next generation sequencing used for?

  Rapid sequencing of entire genomes
• What is one application of molecular diagnostics in infectious disease?

  Rapid detection of pathogens
• How does molecular diagnostics assist in cancer diagnostics?

  Detects proteins to specify cancer type
• What is tumor profiling used for?

  Biomarker discovery and cancer type specification
• What is the purpose of genetic counseling?

  Provides information and support for genetic issues
• What is liquid biopsy used for?

  Non-invasive cancer diagnosis and monitoring
• What does microfluidics involve?

  Manipulating fluids on a microscale
• What is CRISPR-Cas9 used for?

  Precise genome editing and diagnostics
• What is a challenge of molecular diagnostics?

  High initial investment and training costs
• What ethical consideration is associated with molecular diagnostics?

  Privacy and data security concerns
• What is genomics?

  The study of genes and their functions
• What is personalized medicine?

  Treatment tailored to individual patient needs
• How does personalized medicine minimize side effects?

  By tailoring treatment to specific patients
• What are nanoparticle-based applications mentioned?

  Biosensors and drug delivery systems
• What complexity challenges are faced in biotechnology?

  Complex techniques and data analysis challenges
• What is a major challenge related to cost in biotechnology?

  High initial investment and expensive reagents
• What ethical consideration involves privacy in biotechnology?

  Sensitive information and data breaches
• What is genetic discrimination in the context of biotechnology?

  Insurance and employment discrimination
• What is personalized medicine?

  A medical approach tailored to individual patients