panic deck

• NSAID GIT ulceration occurs because they reduce synthesis of GI prostaglandins (which inhibit gastric acid secretion and protective mucus production)
• NSAIDs cause nephrotoxicity by unopposed constriction of the afferent arteriole and decreased renal perfusion. (normally mediated by prostaglandins)
• NSAIDs cause coagulation effects (haemotoxicities) as they inhibit thromboxane which activated platelets
• alpha-2 receptors are found presynaptically in the CNS to inhibit noradrenaline release, and postsynaptically in the vascular smooth muscle to cause vasoconstriction
• GCPRs have an inner carboxy terminus and an outer amino terminus . adrenoreceptors are a type of g coupled receptor
• classes of veterinary analgesics are opioids, NSAIDs, alpha-2 agonists and NMDA antagonists
• opioids inhibit adenylate cyclase via GPCRs, reducing cAMP production. they also promote K+ channel opening (out) to hyperpolarise cells and prevent Ca2+ entry so neurotransmitters cannot be released
• benzodiazepines potentiate GABA mediated inhibition- decrease excitability of neurons by ca2+ influx. Cells are hyperpolarised
• cephalosporins are time dependent antibiotics which inhibit penicillin binding proteins and disrupt cross-linkage of glycopeptide in bacterial cell wall (prevent cell wall formation / lyse cell walls)
• buprenorphine lasts 6-8 hours
• methadone lasts 4-6 hours
• benzimadoles and imidazothiaznes are used against GI nematodes in cattle
• affinity is the tendecy of a drug to bind to its receptor
• efficacy is how good a drug is at eliciting a response
• aminoglycosides bind to the 30s ribosome unit. causes non-functional proteins
• tetracyclines bind to the 30s ribosome subunit - bacteriostatic by preventing amino acid formation
• macrolides are bacteriostatic, bind to 50s ribosome subunit and prevent RNA translocation
• lincosamides are bacteriostatic - bind to 50s subunit and form truncated bacterial proteins
• chloramphenicol bind irreversibly yo 50s subunit and blocks peptidyl transferase
• there are 2 phases of hepatic metabolism:

  phase 1- hydrolysis, oxidation, reduction

  phase 2- acetylation (not really dogs), glucoronidation (not really cats)
• autoclave requires 132-135c for 3-4 minutes
• computed radiography used a photostimulable phosphor storage layer, read by a laser reader
• indirect digital radiography uses a photocathode. direct digital radiography uses a selenium plate
• radiographic quality is based on exposure (too long = motion blur), mAs (too much burns out detail), collimation, patient positioning
• osteophytosis is new bone formation at a joint surface when it is perceived as unstable. joint space appears reduced. often a secondary change to osteoarthritis
• enthesiophytosis is bone formation at ligament or tendon attachments . includes spondylosus deformens (ossification of vertebral end plates)
• food producing animal cascade use requires maximum residue limits, special withdrawal periods, be on the table of allowed substances
• addition of clavulanate to a penicillin makes them more beta-lactamase resistant
• aminoglycosides have poor GI absorption, poor penetration, excreted in the kidney unchanged
• fluoroquinolones are broad spectrum, high oral availability, good csf penetration, metabolised in the liver and excreted by the kidneys
• penicillins target the cell wall - bactericidal

  macrolides target 30s protein synthesis - bacteriostatic
• PGF2a can be used in cattle to synchronise oestrus, induce myometrial contraction, and to abort preganancy
• the main mechanism of veterinary antifungals are binding to ergosterol to prevent cell wall formation
• establishment of steady state means drug concentration in the central compartment is constant and prevents fluctuation (consistent therapeutic effect)
• atropine is a muscarinic antagonist used as a premed, some analgesia, and used to raise hr in a crashing patient who still has some rhythm
• ester-linked LAs have shorter duration than amide-linked LAs. they are metabolised by tissue and plasma esterases and have poor tissue penetration
• prolonged use of exogenous corticosteroids can cause iatrogenic cushing's disease, pituitary gland atrophy, PU/PD, increased liver enzymes, pot belly
• the four full mu opioids are morphine, fentanyl, pethidine and methadone
• anaesthetised animals need minimum 200ml per kg per minute
• alfaxolone is a neuroactive steroid which is a GABA agonist