Aggression

• What is aggression defined as?

  Voluntary behaviour intended to cause harm
• What must the target of aggression be motivated to do?

  To avoid being treated this way
• What are the exceptions to aggression?

  Accidental harm, prosocial goals, target seeks harm
• What type of aggression is premeditated and goal-directed?

  Instrumental aggression
• What type of aggression is impulsive?

  Hostile aggression
• What is displaced aggression directed against?

  An innocent target that is accessible
• In psychology, how is aggression classified?

  As a behaviour, not a mindset
• Why is studying aggression in a laboratory setting difficult?

  Ethical concerns complicate the study
• What are 'substitutional methods' in aggression research?

  Methods that may not be generalisable
• Why is studying aggression as a uniform construct challenging?

  Humans engage in diverse aggressive behaviours
• What are microaggressions?

  A discrete form of aggression
• How are microaggressions related to macroaggressions?

  Microaggressions are associated with macroaggressions
• What are the three classes of factors that explain aggressive behaviour?

  Biological, social, and biosocial factors
• What do biological theories suggest about aggression?

  Aggression is a natural human instinct
• According to social theories, how do humans learn aggressive behaviour?

  From environmental influences and experiences
• Who proposed that aggression is learned through direct experience or vicariously?

  Bandura
• What do biosocial theories suggest about aggression?

  It arises from innate components and environmental factors
• What does the Frustration-Aggression theory state?

  Frustration over thwarted goals leads to aggression
• What does the General Aggression Model (GAM) describe?

  Aggressive behaviour as a response to triggers
• How do cultural factors influence aggression?

  Cultural transfer passes on aggression willingness
• What did Nisbett and Cohen find about Southern vs Northern cultures in the U.S.?

  Southerners are more likely to justify violence
• What is the best predictor of hostile aggression according to socio-categorical factors?

  Biological sex
• How does aggression in women differ from men?

  Women’s aggression is less physical and more premeditated
• What is a common myth about testosterone and aggression?

  Higher testosterone levels cause more aggression
• What do Book et al. suggest about testosterone and aggression?

  Correlations are small and difficult to interpret
• What does testosterone promote besides aggression?

  Prosocial behaviour
• What does Huesmann and Guerra's research suggest about aggression?

  Aggression at age 8 extends into adulthood
• What traits make individuals prone to aggression?

  Narcissism and Type A personality
• How does heat affect aggression?

  High temperatures increase likelihood of aggression
• What situational factor is linked to heightened aggression?

  Crowding and population density
• How does pain influence aggression?

  Feeling pain heightens aggression
• What effect does alcohol use have on aggression?

  Alcohol enhances aggression via disinhibition
• How does ostracism affect aggression?

  Feeling ostracised heightens aggression
• How do attributions influence aggression?

  Attributing hostile intentions heightens aggression
• What is deindividuation in relation to aggression?

  Being part of a group heightens aggression
• How do dehumanized targets affect aggression?

  Aggression is more likely against anonymised individuals
• What did Berkowitz and Lepage demonstrate about the weapons effect?

  Seeing a gun can increase aggression
• What was the setup of Berkowitz and Lepage's experiment?

  Participants evaluated each other's performance
• What was manipulated in Berkowitz and Lepage's experiment?

  The items present on the table
• What was the main result of Berkowitz and Lepage's experiment?

  Provoked participants with guns were more aggressive