2nd Quarter MT Reviewer

• What is the smallest magnification objective lens called?

  Low-power objectives
• What do objective lenses do in a microscope?

  Magnify the specimen at different levels
• What is the purpose of high-power objectives?

  Provides a detailed view of the specimen
• What is the function of the fine adjustment knob?

  Used for precise focusing on higher magnifications
• What does the diaphragm do in a microscope?

  Adjusts the amount of light passing through
• What is the role of the mirror in a compound microscope?

  Provides the source of illumination
• What does the cell theory state about organisms?

  All organisms are made of cells
• What does the cell theory say about cell origin?

  All cells arise from pre-existing cells
• What is the basic unit of life according to cell theory?

  The cell carries out essential functions
• Who was the first scientist to observe cells?

  Robert Hooke
• What did Theodor Schwann state about cells?

  All animals are made of cells
• What is the stage of a microscope?

  The platform where the specimen slide is placed
• What does the base of a microscope provide?

  Stability and support
• What did Matthias Schleiden state about cells?

  All plants are made of cells
• What is a eukaryotic cell?

  A cell with a true nucleus
• What is a prokaryotic cell?

  A cell that lacks membrane-bound organelles
• What type of cell are bacteria classified as?

  Prokaryotic cells
• What is the function of mitochondria?

  Responsible for energy production
• What do lysosomes do?

  Break down cellular waste and debris
• Where are chloroplasts found?

  In plant cells
• What does a lack of chloroplasts indicate?

  Cannot produce glucose through photosynthesis
• What is the role of centrioles?

  Organize microtubules during cell division
• What is the primary purpose of mitosis?

  Growth and repair of tissues
• What is the result of mitosis?

  Two genetically identical diploid cells
• What are the stages of mitosis?

  1. Prophase: Chromosomes condense, nuclear envelope breaks down
  2. Metaphase: Chromosomes align at the cell's equator
  3. Anaphase: Spindle fibers separate sister chromatids
  4. Telophase: Two nuclei form
  5. Cytokinesis: Separates cytoplasm and organelles
• What is the primary purpose of meiosis?

  Production of gametes
• What is the result of meiosis?

  Four genetically unique haploid cells
• What are the stages of meiosis?

  1. Prophase I: Crossing over occurs
  2. Metaphase I: Homologous pairs line up
  3. Anaphase I: Homologous chromosomes separate
  4. Telophase I: Two nuclei form
  5. Cytokinesis: Separates cytoplasm and organelles
  6. Prophase II: Chromosomes condense
  7. Metaphase II: Chromosomes align at equator
  8. Anaphase II: Sister chromatids separate
  9. Telophase II: Two nuclei form
• What characterizes sexual reproduction?

  Involves two parent cells, produces diversity
• What is the female gamete called?

  Egg
• What is the male gamete called?

  Sperm
• What is a zygote?

  Structure formed after gamete fusion
• What characterizes asexual reproduction?

  Involves one parent cell, produces clones
• What are the types of asexual reproduction?

  1. Binary Fission: Bacteria divide to form two identical cells
  2. Budding: Seen in yeast and hydra
  3. Regeneration: New organisms grow from a piece of the parent
  4. Vegetative Propagation: New plant grows from a stem cutting
• What is binary fission?

  Cell divides to form two identical daughter cells
• What organisms typically undergo budding?

  Yeast and hydra
• What is regeneration or fragmentation?

  New organisms grow from a piece of the parent
• What is vegetative propagation?

  Growth of a new plant from a stem cutting