water is a solvent for chemicalreactions in the body
water has a highlatentheat of vaporisation
water has cohesion between molecules
water being incompressible is important to organisms as it provides turgidity to plant cells. it also
provides a hydrostaticskeleton for small animals
ice floats on water because it is lessdense than water. hydrogenbonds between molecules hold ice in an openlatticestructure further away form eachother.
ice floating on water is important for organisms as it traps an insulatinglayer of water underneath so aquaticorganisms can survive and acts as a habitat
waters high surface tension is important because it slowswaterloss due to transpirationstream.
allows water to risehigh in narrowtubes so there is less pressure on roots.
allows some insects to skim across the surface of water
water is an important solvent for organisms as it is polar so dissolves and transportschargedparticles involved in cellreactions
The high specificheatcapacity and latent heat of water is important as it acts as a temperaturebuffer which enables substances to resistfluctuations in coretemperature to maintain optimum enzyme activity
high specificheatcapacity and latent heat of water is important because when water evapourates from the skin it gives as cooling affect to lower body temperature for thermoregulation
Waters high boiling point means that animals have a stable water temperature and less energy is spent on temperaturecontrol.
Ice floats on water so the water below doesn’t freeze allowing organisms to move under water
Water has adhesion to other molecules and surfaces
A monomer is the smallerunits that join together to form largermolecules
Examples of monomers are:
monosaccharides
amino acids
nucleotides
A polymer is the molecules formed when many monomers join together
In condensation reactions, a chemicalbond forms between 2molecules and a molecule of water is produced
In hydrolysis, a water molecule is used to break a chemicalbond between two molecules
The elements found in carbohydrates and lipids are:
carbon
hydrogen
oxygen
The elements found in proteins are:
carbon
hydrogen
oxygen
nitrogen
sulfur
Alpha and beta glucose are both hexosemonosaccharides with a ring structure
Alpha glucose has a hydrogen above carbon one and a hydroxyl group below carbon one
Beta glucose has a hydroxyl group above carbon one and a hydrogen below carbon one
Alpha glucose is small and soluble so is easily transported around the blood stream
alpha glucose has a complementary shape to enzymes for glycolysis
Ribose has a hydroxyl group above carbon one and a hydrogen below carbon one
Ribose is a pentosemonosaccharide with a ring structure
1-4 or 1-6glycosidicbonds form when monosaccharides react
2 monosaccharides together forms a disaccharide.
Multiple monosaccharides form a polysaccharide.
Maltose is a disaccharide formed from a condensation reaction between alphaglucose and alphaglucose
Sucrose is a disaccharide formed by a condensation reaction between glucose and fructose
starch is a storagepolymer of alphaglucose in plant cells. it is insoluble so has no osmotic effect on cells. it is large so it does not diffuse out of cells
Starch is made from amylose and amylopectin
Amylose is made from alpha1-4glycosidic bonds. it is a helix shape with intermolecular hydrogenbonds and is very compact
Amylopectin is made from 1-4 and 1-6glycosidicbonds. It is branched with many ends for hydrolysis into glucose
Cellulose is a polymer of betaglucose and gives rigidity to plantcellwalls as it prevents cells from bursting when turgid.
Cellulose is made of 1-4glycosidic bonds. it is a straightchainunbranched molecule. alternate glucose molecules are rotated 180 degrees. the hydrogen bond crosslinks between parallel strands form microfibrils which give hightensilestrength
Chains of cellulose form hydrogen bonds between them to form beta pleated sheets