Photosynthesis and Cellular Respiration

• What is the universal energy carrier of the cell?

  Adenosine Triphosphate (ATP)
• What are the functions of ATP in the cell?

  • Active transport
  • Reproduction
  • Movement
  • Muscle contractions
  • Protein synthesis
• What is the chemical reaction for the hydrolysis of ATP?

  ATP + H₂O → ADP + P + Energy
• What does "Hydro" mean in hydrolysis?

  Water
• What does "Lysis" mean in hydrolysis?

  Break down
• Where is most ATP produced in the cell?

  In the mitochondria
• What is the primary process through which ATP is created?

  Cellular respiration
• What is broken down to make ATP?

  Glucose from food
• What are the three stages of cellular respiration?

  1. Glycolysis
  2. Krebs Cycle (Citric acid cycle)
  3. Electron transport chain
• Where does glycolysis occur?

  In the cytoplasm
• What happens during glycolysis?

  Glucose is broken down by ATP, NAD+, and enzymes
• What are the two pathways for pyruvate after glycolysis?

  1. Aerobic pathway: Krebs Cycle, Electron Transport Chain
  2. Anaerobic pathway: Fermentation
• What are the steps of glycolysis?

  1. Two ATP & enzymes break down glucose
  2. Enzymes add P
  3. NADH created and enters mitochondria
  4. Four ATP created
  5. Two Pyruvate (3C) left over
• Where does the Krebs Cycle occur?

  In the mitochondrial matrix
• What happens to pyruvate in the Krebs Cycle?

  It is broken into acetic acid
• What is produced when NAD+ removes H during the Krebs Cycle?

  NADH
• What waste is generated during the Krebs Cycle?

  CO₂
• What is formed when Acetyl-CoA bonds with a 4C molecule in the Krebs Cycle?

  Citric acid
• What happens to citric acid during the Krebs Cycle?

  It is broken into a 5C molecule
• What is produced when the 5C molecule is broken down in the Krebs Cycle?

  NADH and ATP
• What is the overall output of the Krebs Cycle?

  • 8 NADH
  • 2 FADH₂
  • 6 CO₂
  • 2 ATP
• What do NADH and FADH₂ do in the electron transport chain?

  Deliver H+ ions and electrons
• What activates protein channels in the electron transport chain?

  Electrons
• What is produced when H+ ions diffuse through ATP Synthase?


  ATP
• What is activated by H+ ions in the electron transport chain?

  ATP Synthase
• How many ATPs can be created in the electron transport chain?

  Up to 34 ATPs
• What waste is created when O, H+, and e- bond together?

  Water
• What is the process that converts solar energy into glucose?

  Photosynthesis
• What do most plants do with green light?

  • Reflect green light
  • Absorb other colors
• Which colors of light most stimulate photosynthesis?

  Red and blue light
• Who performs photosynthesis?

  Autotrophs
• What are the reactants and products of photosynthesis?

  Reactants:

  • 6CO₂
  • 6H₂O

  Products:

  • C₆H₁₂O₆
  • 6O₂
• What type of reaction is photosynthesis?

  Endergonic chemical reaction
• What are the end results of photosynthesis?

  1. Sugar (glucose)
  2. Oxygen waste
• Where does photosynthesis occur in plants?

  • In the chloroplast
  • Stage 1: Light dependent reactions (Thylakoid membranes)
  • Stage 2: Light independent reactions (Stroma)
• What is created during the light dependent reactions?

  O₂, ATP, NADPH
• What happens in step 1 of light dependent reactions?

  Chlorophyll absorbs sunlight, exciting electrons
• What is the result of water molecules being broken in light dependent reactions?

  Oxygen waste is released
• What happens in step 4 of light dependent reactions?

  NADP+ and H+ bond to create NADPH
• What happens in step 5 of light dependent reactions?

  H+ helps bond ADP + P to create ATP